پژوهش های راهبردی سیاست

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

Cost of arbitration and printing

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

روند داوری و فرایندها

همه داوران

داوران سال 1398

داوران سال 1399

داوران سال 1400

داوران سال 1401

داوران سال 1402

داوران سال 1403

بررسی علل و روند همگرایی اسرائیل و اعراب و پیامدهای امنیتی آن برای ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، ایران

چکیده

از زمان تأسیس اسرائیل، طیفی از رخدادها نظیر جنگ، منازعه، اتحاد و ائتلاف گرفته تا آتش‌بس، مذاکرات و توافقنامه‌های متعدد صلح دو یا چندجانبه و در نهایت وابستگی متقابل و همگرایی به روابط اسرائیل و اعراب شکل داده است. بررسی عمیق این رخدادها فرایندی از منازعه و جنگ به صلح و همگرایی را متجلی می‌سازد، روندی حائز اهمیت که دیدگاه‌‌های بسیاری از اندیشمندان روابط بین‌الملل و سیاستمداران را به چالش کشیده است. بنابراین با توجه به درهم تنیدگی و پیچیدگی روابط بین‌الدولی در خاورمیانه، پاسخ به سه مسأله علل همگرایی، چگونگی همگرایی و چیستی پیامدهای امنیتی همگرایی اسرائیل و اعراب برای ایران بسیار مهم و نیازمند بررسی علمی است که محورهای اصلی این پژوهش را نیز شکل داده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش که براساس رویکردی تحلیلی ـ تبیینی و با اتکاء بر روش تحلیل ‌روند انجام شده است، نشان می‌دهد که عوامل سه وجهی محدودیت‌های راهبردی اسرائیل، الزامات و خواست کشورهای عربی و الزامات مشترک، صلح و همگرایی بین دو طرف را به صورت همزمان ایجاد کرده است. فرایند همگرایی به صورت تدریجی، چندبعدی، رسمی، عمیق و چندسطحی توسعه و تکامل یافته است که مهمترین پیامدهای امنیتی آن برای ایران تضعیف جبهه مقاومت به رهبری ایران، محاصره و موازنه تهدید ایران و بازتعریف ساختار امنیتی منطقه و تضعیف نقش ایران در این ساختار بوده است..

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Causes and Process of Israel–Arab Integration and Its Security Implications for Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ardeshir Nourian 1
  • Amir Ghiyasi 2

1 Assistant Professor, International Relations, University of Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D Student, International Relations, University of Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
In recent decades, there has been an increasing integration between Israel and Arab states. This process stands in sharp contrast to the less successful and often unstable efforts at integration elsewhere in the Middle East. Unlike these inconsistent attempts, the integration between Israel and the Arabs has shown a steady and progressive trajectory, with no clear signs of instability. This development raises several important questions: What factors have facilitated the Israel–Arab integration? How has the integration process unfolded between the parties? And what are its security implications for Iran? Addressing these questions could help resolve various regional challenges, remove obstacles to integration efforts, and potentially offer a new model for fostering future cooperation in the Middle East.
Literature Review
A number of studies have examined the causes of peace and the development of Israel–Arab relations, as well as its implications for Iran, such as “Saudi Arabia’s Alignment With Israel From the Perspective of International Relations Theories” (Haji-Yousfi & Nemati, 2019) and “The Road to Normalization: The Importance of the United Arab Emirates’ Neoliberal Foreign Policy in the Normalization With Israel: 2004–2020” (Traub et al., 2022). However, none of these studies explored the process of integration in a way that clearly defines the nature and characteristics of the integration model between Israel and the Arabs states.
Materials and Methods
The current research adopted a descriptive–explanatory approach, drawing on the qualitative principles of trend analysis. To collect the data, it relied on a library research method, using objective facts related to integration and an analysis of the historical relations between the parties. Moreover, neofunctionalism was used as the theoretical framework.  Neofunctionalism, a branch of regional integration theory, emphasizes several key components: integration as a process, the initiation of integration through technical and functional areas, the potential to extend into political domains, and the significant roles played by state actors and non-governmental elites. These components align closely with many characteristics of the current state and process of integration between Israel and the Arab states. Therefore, neofunctionalism serves as an effective framework for analyzing this integration, offering a valuable theoretical tool for explaining the emerging pattern of Israel–Arab integration.
 
 
Results and Discussion
The findings indicated that several factors have contributed to the integration and the strengthening of ties between Israel and the Arab states. These factors can be analyzed across three dimensions. The first is Israel’s strategic limitations, which include a lack of strategic depth, weak regional communication, and isolation. The second dimension concerns the motivations of the Arab countries, which include the need to manage crises, end conflicts, establish stability and security, gain the support of global powers, consider different perspectives of new leaders, empower younger generations of leaders, and respond to generational changes. The third dimension involves common interests between Israel and the Arab states, such as addressing environmental and energy challenges, enhancing intelligence and security cooperation, dealing with political changes in the Middle East, navigating regionalism and globalization, and responding to the influence of major powers. Moreover, the process of integration between Israel and the Arab states has been gradual and multifaceted. It began with non-sensitive, non-security areas and expanded into more sensitive and security-related domains as trust developed over time. The resulting integration is both multi-layered and multi-level, encompassing individual–national, non-governmental, and governmental aspects. What began as covert and informal integration has evolved into open and official integration. This growing integration has several security implications for Iran. These include the weakening of the resistance front traditionally led by Iran, increased regional encirclement and pressure on Iran, and a redefinition of the Middle East’s security architecture alongside the diminishing influence of Iran.
 
 
Conclusion
Given the absence of a shared identity, incongruent social and political structures, conflicts, and political complexities that have historically hindered integration in the Middle East, the establishment of sustained and multidimensional integration between Israel and the Arab states holds significant importance. First, this integration has advanced mutual interests and deepened interdependence between the parties. Second, it has fostered alliance and unity in the face of common threats. Third, it has increased political and security pressure on Iran, presenting new challenges to its position in the region In addition, analyzing the development of integration between Israel and the Arab states serves several critical functions. It underscores the importance of recognizing integration trends in the Middle East as a foundation for strategic policymaking and management, as well as a guide for shaping appropriate foreign policy. This analysis highlights the profound effect of integration and interdependence in promoting peace and removing barriers to common goals. Finally, it illustrates how regionalism and globalization influence the integration process, offering valuable insights for foreign policy decision-makers. By understanding these forces, policymakers can better leverage the integration mechanism in ways that align with their strategic environment and help achieve national interests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Peace
  • Integration
  • Interdependence
  • Threat Balance
  • Israel
  • Arabs
  • Iran
مراجع
  • اخوان کاظمی، مسعود؛ صادقی، سیدشمس الدین و نیکونهاد، ایوب، (1397)، «روندپژوهی فرایند توسعه سیاسی در ایران معاصر»، فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد، دوره 25، شماره 95، صص 209-246.
  • آدمی، علی؛ نظیفی، نازنین و بیژن، عارف، (1397)، «اسرائیل و عربستان سعودی: عصر جدیدی از همکاری دوجانبه»، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های راهبردی سیاست، دوره 7، شماره 27، صص 227-199.
  • پیری، حیدر و معتضدراد، آناهیتا، (1401)، «زمینه‌ها و بسترهای صلح نوین اعراب و اسراییل در پرتو سیاست‌های منطقه‌ای ایران»، فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام، دوره 11، شماره 1، صص 125ـ103.
  • حاجی‌یوسفی، امیرمحمد و نعمتی، امیرحسین، (1398)، «صف‌آرایی عربستان سعودی با اسرائیل از نگاه نظریه‌های روابط بین‌الملل»، فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، دوره 11، شماره 40، صص 89ـ70.
  • دهقانی فیروزآبادی، سیدجلال، (1396)، اصول و مبانی روابط بین‌الملل(2)، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
  • دوئرتی، جیمز و فالتزگراف، رابرت، (1388)، نظریه‌های متعارض در روابط بین‌الملل، چاپ پنجم، ترجمه وحید بزرگی و علیرضا طیب، تهران: نشر قومس.
  • رضایی، نیما و شریعتی، مجتبی، (1401)، «موازنه‌سازی چارچوبی تحلیلی برای تبیین رفتار سیاست خارجی اسرائیل در برابر جمهوری اسلامی ایران در بازه زمانی 2012 تا 2022»، فصلنامه روابط خارجی، سال 14، شماره 2، صص 261ـ227. doi: 10.22034/fr.2022.160980
  • زیبایی، مختار؛ نصری، زنیره و رستمی، فرزاد، (1400)، «پیامدهای فرآیند عادی‌سازی مناسبات اعراب و اسراییل؛ پیامدهای آن برای محیط امنیتی ج.ا. ایران (2010-2021)»، فصلنامه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام، شماره 39، صص 62ـ31.doi: 10.30479/psiw.2021.14555.2921
  • شفیعی، عباس؛ پوستین‌چی، زهره؛ قربانی شیخ‌نشین، ارسلان و خداوردی، حسن، (2020)، «بررسی روابط سیاسی- امنیتی جمهوری آذربایجان و اسرائیل و تاثیر آن بر امنیت ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (از سال 2011 تا 2020)»، ماهنامه جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی ایران، دوره 3، شماره 3، صص1194ـ1179.
  • عباسی، مجید؛ قیاسی، امیر و باباجانی‌پور، زهرا، (1392)، «راهبرد اتحاد پیرامونی رژیم صهیونیستی و نظریه موازنه تهدید در روابط بین‌الملل»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، سال 27، شماره 1، صص 198ـ175.
  • نویدی‌نیا، فرزاد و مرادی‌کلارده، سجاد، (1400)، «تبیین روابط عربستان سعودی و اسرائیل در مقابله با ایران (2020-2011)»، فصلنامه تحقیقات سیاسی و بین‌المللی، دوره 14، شماره 48، صص 109ـ92.

References

  • Ahmadi, S., & Bumi, J. A. S, (2022), “Normalisasi Hubungan Diplomatik Uni Emirat Arab–Israel: Analisis Rasionalitas Kebijakan Politik Luar Negeri Uni Emirat Arab", Politea, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 258-279.
  • Albezuirat, M. K., Al-Saraireh, F. M., Hussain, M. I., & Ahmad, R, (2018), “Jordan Energy Sector Choices and Challenges”, Seisense Journal of Management, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp 16-37.
  • Antreasyan, A, (2013), “Gas Finds in the Eastern Mediterranean: Gaza, Israel, and other Conflicts”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp 29-47.
  • Aran, A., & Ginat, R, (2014), “Revisiting Egyptian Foreign Policy towards Israel under Mubarak: From Cold Peace to Strategic Peace”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp 556-583.
  • Avdaliani E, (2020), “Defying Geography: The Israel-Azerbaijan Partnership”, Besa Center Perspectives Paper, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp 1-3.
  • Bahgat, G, (2005), “Energy Partnership: Israel and the Persian Gulf”, Energy Policy, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp 671–677.
  • Bahgat, G, (2010), “Israel’s Energy Security: The Caspian Sea and the Middle East”, Israel Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp 406-415.
  • Bishku، B, (2012), “The Relations of the Central Asian Republics of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with Israel”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp 927-940.
  • Black, I, (2019), “Israel, the Arab Gulf States and the Limits of Cooperation”, Middle East Center Report, Vol. 1, No. 38, pp 1-40.
  • Charai, A, (2021), “Arab-Israeli Peace is Occurring Before Our Eyes”, National Interest, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/arab-israeli-peace-occurring-our-eyes-197804.
  • Chenoweth, J., & Al-Masri, R. A, (2021)‌, “The Impact of Adopting a Water-energy Nexus Approach in Jordan on Transboundary Management”,Environmental Science &Policy, No. 118, pp 49-55.
  • Colby, E., Cohen, A., McCants, W., Morris, B., & Rosenau, W, (2013), “The Israeli Nuclear Alert" of 1973: Deterrence and Signaling in Crisis, CNA, pp 1-64. https:// www. cna. org/ archive/CNA_Files/pdf/drm-2013-u-004480-final.pdf
  • Comsan, M. N. H, (2010), “Nuclear Electricity for Sustainable Development: Egypt a Case Study”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 51, No. 9, pp 1813-1817.
  • Craig, S. J, (2004), “Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers”,‌ London‌; ‌New‌York‌:‌ I.B.‌Tauris,‌ Inlibrary; Printdisabled; Internetarchivebooks, pp 238-240.
  • Egozi, A, (August 16, 2019), “Israel Meets with UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition”, Breaking Defense, https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/israel-meets-with-uae-declares-its-joining-persian-gulf-coalition/.
  • Fakhro, E., & Baconi, T, (2022), “A Shared Vision: Security Convergence between the Gulf and Israel”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp 50-55.
  • Feiler, G., & Lim, K, (2014), “Israel and Kazakhstan: Assessing the State of Bilateral Relations”, Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, No. 107, pp 1-57.
  • Giordano, G, (2018), Water as a Source of Regional Cooperation in the Middle East: The Work of EcoPeace Middle East in Jordan, Israel and Palestine, Open Rivers. https:// www. academia. edu/ 97221918/ Water_ as_a_Source_of_Regional_Cooperation_in_the_Middle_East_The_Work_of_EcoPeace_Middle_East_in_Jordan_Israel_and_Palestine
  • Ibrahim, A, (2012), “Renewable Energy Sources in the Egyptian Electricity Market: A Review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 216-230.
  • Julian, M., Bassil, N., & Dellagi, S, (2020), “Lebanon’s Electricity from Fuel to Solar Energy Production”, Energy Reports, No. 6, pp 420-429.
  • Keynan, A., & Shoham, D, (1998), “Scientific Cooperation in Agriculture and Medical Research as a Means for Normalizing Relations between Egypt and Israel”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 866, No. 1, pp 182-199.
  • Kibrik, R & Levi, E, (2020), “Civilian Cooperation between Israel and Arab States: How Does It Work?, The Israel Institute for Regional Foreign Policices”, Academic Survey, ResearchGate, ‌ pp 1-7. https:// mitvim. org.il/ en/publication/civilian-cooperation-between-israel-and-arab-states-how-does-it-work.
  • Kostiner, J, (2009), “Saudi Arabia and the Arab–Israeli Peace Process: The Fluctuation of Regional Coordination”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp 83-96.
  • Lasensky, S, (2004), “Paying for Peace: The Oslo Process and the Limits of American Foreign Aid”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp 210-234.
  • Lax, C, (2022), “Green Peace: How Israel and Its Neighbors Are Fighting to Save the Environment Together”, Peace Institute, available at: https://www.aapeaceinstitute.org/latest/green-peace-how-israel-and-its-neighbors-are-fighting-to-save-the-environment-together.
  • Light, A, (2020), “Environmental Peacebuilding and the Transferability of EcoPeace Middle East’s Strategy”, A Practicum Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Segree of Master of Science in the University of Michigan, pp 1-66. https:// deepblue. lib. umich. edu/ bitstream/ handle/2027.42/154782/Light_Andrew_Practicum.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Marantz, U, (2009), “Building Arab-Israeli Regionalism on Jerusalem's Foundations”, Glendon Journal of International Studies, Vol. 5, pp 140-154.
  • Matza, D & Hoffman, A, (2019), “From Taboo to Cooperation: Israel’s Changing Relations with the Arab World”, Jack McGinn March 29th, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2019/03/29/from-taboo-to-cooperation-israels-changing-relations-with-the-arab-world/.
  • A. D, (2020), “How Israel and the Arab World Are Making Peace Without a Peace Deal”, Carnegieendowment, MAY 27, 2020, available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/05/27/how-israel-and-arab-world-are-making-peace-without-peace-deal-pub-81918.
  • Murphy, E. C, (1996), “The Arab‐Israeli Peace Process: Responding to the Economics of Globalization”, Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp 67-91.
  • Niemann, A. R. N. E, (2016), “Theorizing Internal Security Cooperation in the European Union: A Neofunctionalist Perspective”, Theorizing Internal Security Cooperation in the European Union, pp 129-152. https:// www. researchgate.net/publication/330412606_Theorising_Internal_Security_Cooperation_in_the_European_Union_A_Neofunctionalist_Perspective.
  • Niemann, A., Lefkofridi, Z. & Schmitter, Ph. C, (2019), “Neofunctionalism”, Politics Trove,‌ Researchgate, pp 1-36. https:// www. researchgate. net/ publication/ 330494709_ 3_ Neofunctionalism.
  • Piazza, J. A, (2008), “Peace as Social Dumping in the Middle East? Preliminary Evidence for Israel, Egept and Jordan”, Southeastern Political Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp 27-53.
  • Pizam, A., Fleischer, A., & Mansfeld, Y, (2002), “Tourism and Social Change: The Case of Israeli Ecotourists Visiting Jordan”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp177-184.
  • Pollack, J, (2002), “Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931-2002”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 77-102.
  • Pressman, J, (2014), “American Engagement and the Pathways to Arab-Israeli Peace”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp 536-553.
  • Rabi, U, (2009), “Qatar's Relations with Israel: Challenging Arab and Gulf Norms”, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp 443-459.
  • Rabi, U., & Mueller, C, (2017), “The Gulf Arab States and Israel since 1967: From “No Negotiation” to Tacit Cooperation”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp 576-592.
  • Rajabi، M, (2022), “Republic of Azerbaijan's Strategy and Behavioral Pattern in the Confrontation between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Israel”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp 53-75.
  • Rubin, A, (2022), “Israeli Foreign Policy”, In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, available at: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ acrefore/ 9780190846626.013.655.
  • Ruble, I., & Nader, P, (2011), “Transforming Shortcomings into Opportunities: Can Market Incentives Solve Lebanon's Energy Crisis?”, Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp 2467-2474.
  • Saudi, S. H., & Burku, W. H, (2023), “Topics of Arab Normalization with Israel in the Media: An Analytical study on Arabic RT Website”, Resmilitaris, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp 1303-1313.
  • Sawafta, A, (2018), “Palestinians Condemn UAE, Bahrain Presence in Cycle Race in Israel”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cycling-giro-israel-idUSKBN1I81NW.
  • Seker, T, ‌(2020), “Israel-Arab Environmental Cooperation”, University of California, pp 1-10. https:// www. researchgate. net/ publication/ 342588680_ Israel- Arab_ Environmental_ Cooperation_-_Yael _Teff_ Seker_ -_June_2020_In_Hebrew
  • Shibley, A, (2016), “Blessing and Curses: Israel and Lebanon's Maritime Boundary Dispute in the Eastern Mediterranian Sea”, Global Bus. L. Rev, Vol. 5, No. 50, pp 51-77.
  • Silverman, A, (2023), “Mediating the Mediterranean: The Israeli-Lebanese Maritime Border”, Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of Law, pp 1-5. https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/cjcr-blog/48.
  • Simon Eszter, L, (2020), “Why are Arab Countries Making Peace with Israel?”, Cultural Relations, pp 1-2. http://culturalrelations.org/why-are-arab-countries-making-peace-with-israel.
  • Seyed, S., & Ahmed, Z. G, (2021), “Abraham Accords, Indo-pacific Accord and the US-led Nexus of Curtailment: Threat to Regional Security, and Joint Counter Strategy”, Policy Perspectives, 18, No. 1, pp 25-52.
  • Tochukwu, U. L, (2015), “Trend Analysis Using R”, Ecole International des Sciences du Treatment de Information Conference Paper, pp 1-11. https:// www. researchgate. net/ publication/ 275640899_ Trend_Analysis_Using_R
  • Traub, D., Cohen, R. A., & Kertcher, C, (2023), “The Road to Normalization: The Importance of the United Arab Emirates' Neoliberal Foreign Policy in the Normalization with Israel: 2004–2020”, Digest of Middle East Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp 60-78.
  • Ulrichsen, K. C, (2016), “Israel and the Arab Gulf States: Drivers and Directions of Change”, Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, pp 1-15. https:// www. bakerinstitute. org/ sites/ default/ files/2016-09/import/CME-pub-GCCIsrael-090716.pdf.
  • Weinthal, E., Zawahri, N., & Sowers, J, (2015), “Securitizing Water, Climate, and Migration in Israel, Jordan, and Syria”, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp 293-307.
  • Wolfsfeld, G., Alimi, E. Y., & Kailani, W, (2007), “News Media and Peace Building in Asymmetrical Conflicts: The Flow of News between Jordan and Israel”, Political Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp 374-398.
  • Zanotti, J, (2023), “Israel: Major Issues and US Relations”, Congressional Research Service, pp 1-28. https:// www. congress. gov/crs-product/R44245.
  • Zimmermann, A. M, (2017), US Assistance, Development, and Hierarchy in the Middle East: Aid for Allies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
پژوهش های راهبردی سیاست
دوره 14، شماره 53 - شماره پیاپی 83
تیر 1404
صفحه 99-144
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار