نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار روابط بین الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)، قزوین، ایران
چکیده
ناآرامیهای اخیر در جهان عرب که به مانند موج پیشین از شمال افریقا آغاز شد و به طور محدود به دولتهای عراق و لبنان در خاورمیانه عربی گسترش یافت، ضرورت توجه مجدد به مناسبات بین دولت و مردم در جهان عرب را برجسته میسازد. سیر ارتباط بین دولت و مردم در کشورهای عربی طی دوره پسااستقلال، مبین سه دوره تاریخی میباشد. صرف‌نظر از مشخصات و شرایط ظهور دورههای مذکور که در متن مقاله مورد اشاره قرار خواهد گرفت، تاثیر محیط بینالملل در تعیین کم و کیف رابطه دولت- جامعه در جهان عرب غیر قابل انکار است. بعبارت دیگر، قرارداد اجتماعی جهان عرب در دوران مدرن (پس از جنگ جهانی اول)، بیش از آنکه متاثر از مولفههای داخلی باشد تحت تاثیر منافع و سیاستهای بازیگران بزرگ در محیط بینالملل بوده است. این مقاله قصد دارد در پرتو نظریه جامعهشناسی تاریخی روابط بینالملل، قرارداد اجتماعی جهان عرب را در یک چشمانداز تاریخی بررسی کند. در این ارتباط، ضمن تمرکز بر قرارداد اجتماعی منتهی بر ناآرامیهای عربی، پارهای از موانع شکلگیری قرارداد اجتماعی جدید و فراگیر در جهان عرب مورد اشاره قرار خواهند گرفت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Historical Sociology of Social Contract in the Arab World
نویسنده [English]
- Mehdi Zibaei
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Social Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
چکیده [English]
The recent uprisings in the Arab world that alike the previous ones were started from North Africa (Sudan and Algeria) have limitedly spilled over into Iraqi and Lebanese states; it made one more time necessary for scholars to consider the relations between state and society. In general, the social contract within the Arab world since the post-independence era to Arab uprisings is included in three sections in which the quality of relations between state and society are varied. In other words, the social contract of the Arab world in the modern era (after the First World War) was influenced more by the interests and policies of the major actors in the international environment than by the internal components. In the light of the historical sociological theory of international relations, this article intends to examine the social contract of the Arab world in a historical perspective. In this regard, while focusing on the social contract leading to the Arab unrest, some of the obstacles to the formation of a new and comprehensive social contract in the Arab world will be mentioned.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Uprisings
- Social contract
- States
- Society
- Relation
- تنهایی، حسین ابوالحسن، (1389)، جامعهشناسی نظری، تهران: انتشارات بهمن برنا.
زکی، محمد علی، (1392)، «آموزش جامعهشناسی و بینش تاریخی: کاربست نظریه سی رایت میلز»، کتاب ماه علوم اجتماعی، دوره جدید، شماره 70.
- ستاری، سجاد، (1395)، «قرارداد اجتماعی خاورمیانه‌ای (ماهیت، امکان و نحوه وجود)»، فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی دولت‌پژوهی، دوره 2، شماره 5.
- صدیقی، بهرنگ، (1393)، معرفی و بررسی کتاب: «جامعهشناسی مردم‌مدار "خوب"/ جامعهشناسی مردم‌مدار "بد" بازخوانی جامعهشناسی خودمانی با عینک بینش جامعه‌شناختی»، اثر حسن نراقی، مجلة جامعهشناسی ایران، دورة 15، شمارة 3.
References
- Beinin, Joel, (2001), Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bogaert, Koenraad, (2013), “Contextualizing the Arab Revolts: The Politics behind Three Decades of Neoliberalism in the Arab World”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 22, No. 3.
- Cammett, Melani and Diwan, Ishac and Richards, Alan and Waterbury, John, (2015), A Political Economy of the Middle East, Colorado: Westview Press.
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (2017), “Arab Fractures: Citizens, States, and Social Contracts”, available at: https:// carnegieendowment. org/2017/02/01/arab-fractures-citizens-states-and-social-contracts-pub-66612.
- Devarajan, Shantayanan & Ianchovichina, Elena, (2017), “A Broken Social Contract, Not High Inequality, Led to the Arab Spring”, Review of Income and Wealth, Series 64, No. S1.
Dunne, Charles W., (2019), “From the Arab Spring to—What, Exactly? 2011 and 2019 Compared”, Arab Center Washington DC., available at: http:// arabcenterdc. org/ policy_ analyses/from-the-arab-spring-to-what-exactly-2011-and-2019-compared/.
- Eibl, Ferdinand, (2017), “The Political Economy of Energy Subsidies in North Africa: The Untold Story”, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, August 2017, available at: https://www. oxfordenergy.org /wpcms/ wp- content/ uploads/ 2016/08/The-Political-Economy-of-Energy-Subsidies-in-North-Africa-the-untold-story-SP-38.pdf .
- Gelvin, James L., (2015), The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Gelvin, James L., (2020), The Modern Middle East: A History, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ghanem, Hafez, (2016), “The Arab Spring, Five Years Later: Toward Greater Inclusiveness”, Volume 1, Brookings Institution Press, 5 January 2016, available at: https:// www. brookings. edu/events/the-arab-spring-five-years-later-toward-greater-inclusiveness/.
- Ghosh, Palash, (2011), “Current protests in Egypt recall Bread Riots of 1977”, IBTimes, available at: https://www.ibtimes.com/current-protests-egypt-recall-bread-riots-1977-260443.
- Gause, Gregory, (2014), “Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War”, Brookings Doha Center, available at: https:// www. brookings. edu/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2016/06/ English-PDF-1. pdf.
- Hamanaka, Shingo, (2016), “Demographic Change and its Social and Political Implications in the Middle East”, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No.1.
- Hobson, John M. and Lawson, George & Rosenberg, Justin, (2010), “Historical sociology”, in Robert A. Denemark, (ed.), The International Studies Encyclopedia, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Kabbani, Nader, (2019), “Youth Employment in the Middle East and North Africa: Revisiting and Reframing the Challenge”, Brookings Institution Press, February 2019, available at: https://www. edu /wp- content/ uploads/ 2019/02/ Youth_Unemployment_ MENA_English_Web.pdf .
- Karasapan, Omer, (2015), “Toward a new social contract in Tunisia”, The Brookings Institution, available at: https://www. brookings. edu/ blog/ future-development/ 2015/10/27/ toward-a-new-social-contract-in-tunisia/.
- Kirkpatrick, David D., (2018), Into the Hands of the Soldiers: Freedom and Chaos in Egypt and the Middle East, New York: Penguin Books.
- Levine, Mark, (2013), “Theorizing Revolutionary Practice: Agendas for Research on the Arab Uprisings”, Middle East Critique, Vol. 22, No. 3.
- Matin, Kamran, (2013), Recasting Iranian Modernity: International Relations and Social change, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- MENA Economic Monitor, (2015), “Towards a New Social Contract”, available at: http://documents. worldbank. org/ curated/ en/ 202171468299130698.
- Mhadeen, Barik, (2017), “What Social Contract Do Arab Youth Want?”, 17 December 2017, available at: https:// worldview. stratfor. com/ article/what-social-contract-do-arab-youth-want.
- Milton-Edwards, Beverley, (2011), Contemporary Politics in the Middle East, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Rosenberg, Justin, (2006), “Why is There no International Historical Sociology?”, European Journal of International Relations, 12, No. 3.
- Springborg, Robert, (2018), “Deep States in MENA”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 25, No. 1.
- United Nations Development Programme, (2019), “Leaving No One Behind Towards Inclusive Citizenship in Arab Countries”, available at: http:// www. arab-hdr. org/ UNDP_ Citizenship_ and_ SDGspdf.
- Watenpaugh, Keith David, (2014), Being Modern in the Middle East, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
)