نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• محمد نبی آقاتقی ¹
• احمد بخشایش اردستانی ²
• سوسن صفا وردی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

² استاد گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

³ استادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

عدالت سیاسی به‌عنوان نمادی از عدالت اجتماعی است که با اجرای آن، حقوق شهروندی تحقق می‌یابد و زمینه انتخاب، مشارکت و نظارت شهروندان فراهم می‌آید. هدف از نگارش این پژوهش، بررسی شاخص‌های عدالت سیاسی در ساختار جمهوری ‌اسلامی ایران است. نتایج نشان داد که به منظور تحقق عدالت سیاسی و فراهم آوردن شرایطی برابر برای همه جهت مشارکت در امور اجتماعی و سیاسی، شاخص کلیدی مشارکت و گزینش سیاسی برابر ایفای نقش می‌کنند و توزیع برابر‌ فرصت‌ها در جامعه، اعتنا به مفهوم نظارت، جلوگیری از تمرکز‌گرایی سیاسی‌، تلاش‌ برای جلوگیری از یکسویه‌نگری و آزادی احزاب و نهادهای مدنی‌ در‌ چهارچوب قانون در جامعه و... می‌توانند به تحقق عدالت سیاسی کمک کنند. روش مورد استفاده در این مقاله، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساخت‌یافته است. جامعه آماری بخش کیفی پژوهش شامل خبرگان و افراد ذیصلاح در زمینه سیاسی‌اند که سوابق اجرایی در سطوح تصمیم‌گیری داشته و دارای کتب و مقالاتی در این حوزه بوده‌اند. روش تحقیق، توصیفی است وگرد‌آوری اطلاعات به سه روش فیش‌برداری، مصاحبه با نخبگان و تحلیل مضمون صورت گرفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• عدالت
• عدالت سیاسی
• گزینش سیاسی
• مشارکت سیاسی
• جمهوری ‌اسلامی ایران

موضوعات

• سیاست داخلی ایران

عنوان مقاله [English]

Political Justice in the Political Structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Equal Political Participation, Selection, and the Opinions of Political Experts

نویسندگان [English]

• Mohammadnabi Aghataghi ¹
• Ahmad Bakshaish Ardestani ²
• Sosan Safaverdi ³

¹ Ph.D. Student, Department of Political Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² Professor, Department of Political Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more necessary to have such a favorable scenario. Based on the significance of customer retention, this approach maintains that a party can win if it secures the largest market share while minimizing customer attrition. It seems to be an essential approach given the nature of political marketing characterized by the intense competition among political parties, the unavoidable impact of social media, the uncertainty about fulfilling campaign promises, and the risky nature of political transactions (cash vs. credit imbalance) —all of which can contribute to the vulnerability of political marketing, hence a declining trend in the voter turnout. Relationship marketing, as a modern marketing technique, can help political activists to mitigate these challenges, offering effective solutions to minimize campaign costs and increase the likelihood of success in elections. Political relationship marketing has been the subject of inquiry in several studies (e.g., Afjeh’i & Khademi-Garashi, 2016; Talari & Mousavi-Shafaei, 2015). Rizan et al. (2014) delved into the impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty.
A declining trend in the number of electoral votes is one of the challenges faced by political parties in Iran. The issue appears to be rooted in their marketing strategies. In fact, political marketing strategies can potentially present a persuasively alluring image of the candidate’s integrity and virtue while covering up their flaws. Consequently, the politician who has been getting promoted is often perceived as an ideal figure. In most cases, voters may not understand the techniques used in campaigns, succumbing to the persuasive tactics employed by the candidate and thus increasing the likelihood of making a mistake in their choice and experiencing early regret. In fact, insufficient knowledge about the candidate or party contributes to such mistakes on the part of voters. Moreover, the inability to retain voters, driven by factors such as a loss of trust and unfulfilled promises, can result in costly and sometimes irreparable damages to political parties. Considering the drawbacks of short-term marketing in the political arena for those involved and the political parties’ desire for sustained power, relationship marketing seems to be a suitable approach to address the shortcomings without compromising market share, fulfill political parties’ electoral aspirations (e.g., frequent wins), and to ensure that voters get to know candidates and political parties adequately and accurately. In this line, the present research investigates the influential factors in political relationship marketing, addressing the following questions: Can relationship marketing help overcome the challenges in political elections? And what factors are influential in establishing and maintaining the relationship?
Materials and Methods
There are numerous factors behind party wins in the electoral market. However, according to the theoretical framework of this research, establishing and maintaining a robust relationship between parties and voters, leading to voter loyalty, plays a pivotal role in the electoral success of political parties. Relying on a multi-stage conceptual model, the present study aimed to investigate the connection between relationship marketing and the success of parties in the political market and electoral contests. The study is located within the intersection of political science and marketing management. As an applied research involving field work, it adopted a descriptive–survey, correlation-based approach to investigate the research questions. First, the analysis focused on the effect of relationship marketing variables (i.e., commitment, fulfillment of promises, communication, competence, and trust) on satisfaction. The second step involved examination of the effect of satisfaction on voter loyalty. Finally, the research explored the correlation between loyalty, recommendations to others, and revoting, as influential factors contributing to the success of political parties. In the data analysis, the Pearson coefficient and the correlation coefficient were used to understand the relationships between the research variables.
Results and Discussion
The research findings indicated a significantly direct correlation between relationship marketing principles and voter satisfaction. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that these principles can predict satisfaction. There was also a significant relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, as well as between loyalty and both revoting and recommendation to others. Finally, a significant relationship was observed between success and revoting and recommendation to others.
Conclusion
The research results confirm that the success of political parties hinges on both retaining existing voters and attracting new ones. This process involves distinct stages: generating satisfaction by applying relationship marketing principles, enhancing and transforming satisfaction into loyalty and fandom through the practical implementation of the principles, adopting fan-driven marketing as a result of the loyalty cultivated, and finally giving recommendations to others. The first and second stages are executed through strategic planning and initiatives of strategists, along with the genuine and reassuring conduct of candidates and party executive agents. The third and fourth stages, on the other hand, rely on the active participation of party loyalists and supporters. Furthermore, two practical methods can be employed to attract new voters: direct and indirect recruitment. In the direct recruitment, the party itself leverages relationship marketing principles to draw in a collective of voters. In contrast, the indirect recruitment is facilitated by party loyalists and supporters—mostly represented by previous voters—and their efforts to embark on fan-driven marketing and give recommendations to other voters.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Political Justice
• Political Selection
• Political Participation
• Political Security
• IRI