Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2
Master's degree in Civil Engineering, Kermanshah, Iran
10.22054/qpss.2026.89658.3708
Abstract
A rigorous and systematic analysis of the sectoral demands of various groups and phenomena such as the upheavals of 1999, 2009, 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2022 requires refraining from lumping all collective protests together and regarding them merely as "riot" and "disturbance(or turbulance)."—an imperative that has, in recent years, attracted the attention of security think tanks, sociologists, political scientists, and even the general public. The principal objective of the present study is to provide a coherent framework for the security analysis of the consequences of the behavioral model of outsider actors in the mass protests in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1999, 2009, 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2022. To this end, the most significant library-based and web-based data are examined through the documentary research method within a descriptive-analytical study. For this purpose, Charles Tilly’s theory of contentious politics is employed to offer a conceptual-theoretical model, and an attempt is made to evaluate sixteen phenomena that are, in essence, forms of Tilly’s contentious politics—namely, 1)Social Unrest, 2)Collective Anxiety, 3)Social Tension, 4)Grievance, 5)Protest, 6)Agitation, 7)Disturbance(or Turbulence), 8)Riot, 9)Insurgency, 10)Disaster(or Calamity), 11)Revolt, 12) Rebellion, 13)Uprising, 14)Social Movement, 15)Upheaval, and 16)Revolution—in order to clarify the distinction between protest and the other fifteen phenomena.
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