Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Professor , International Relations Department, Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD Student, International Relations, Department of Political Science International Relations, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The Iranian revolution caused an offensive approach in the American foreign policy towards Iran, and US Offensive foreign policy has taken a different form with the change of each of the presidents. Based on the critical role of the presidency in US foreign policy and the fact that the study of lives and personalities of presidents has been a significant part of the study of political psychology. The study seeks to find the psychological effects of the life of George W. Bush and his personality on the macro approach of US foreign policy, specifically to Iran. The theoretical framework in this study is the "activator, ideas and results" model of Albert Ellis, an American psychologist. This approach examines the psychological state by examining the role of events and how they are interpreted by individuals. In fact, the data used is data from Bush's biographies, which are examined in a historical and longitudinal way. In the following, Bush's psychological cycle is described and explained by determining the examples of "activator", "ideas" and "results", and his personality traits such as excitement, impulsive behaviors and extraversion are extracted. The results show the decisive influence of Bush's personality traits on his administration's macro-foreign policy approach and important decisions such as the invasion of Iraq, as well as placing Iran at the center of evil and the nuclear issue.
Keywords
فارسی
- اسلامی، محسن و نقدی، فرزانه، (۱۳۹۵)، «ابزار تحریم و سیاست خارجی امریکا در قبال ایران»، روابط خارجی، ۳۲(۸)، ۳۷-۷۱.
- جمشیدی، محمد، (1394)، جنبش راست مسیحی و سیاست خارجی آمریکا، چاپ اول، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
- دهشیار، حسین، (۱۳۸۳)، سیاست خارجی آمریکا بعد از یازده سپتامبر، اول، تهران: خط سوم.
- غرایاق زندی، داود، (۱۳۸۸)، «سیاست خارجی دولت دوم جورج واکر بوش در قبال ایران: سیاست سد نفوذ (۸-۲۰۰۴)»، مطالعات راهبردی، ۴۳ (۱۲)، ۸۳-۱۱۸.
- هاوتن، دیوید پاتریک، (۱۳۹۶)، روان‌شناسی سیاسی، موقعیت‌ها، اهداف و مصادیق، ترجمه علی‌اشرف نظری و شهرزاد مفتوح، چاپ دوم، تهران: قومس.
- هاوتون، دیوید پاتریک، (۱۳۹۳)، سیاست خارجی آمریکا و بحران گروگان‌گیری در ایران، ترجمه وحید مردانه شره جینی، تهران: مرکز اسناد انقلاب اسلامی.
References
- Bronner, Stephen. E., & Thompson, Michael, (2006), The Logos Reader: Rational Radicalism and the Future of Politics, Lexington, Kentucky: United States of America, University Press of Kentucky.
- Brown, R. Greg, (2019), Risk and Resolution, New York: Page Publishing Inc.
- Congressional Research Service Reports on the Middle East and the Arab World, (n.d.), Retrieved December 16, (2020), from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast.
- Cox, Michael., & Stokes, Doug, (2012), US Foreign Policy, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Croft, Stuart, (2006), Culture, Crisis and America’s War on Terror, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Dryden, Windy, (2004), The Cream Cake Made Me Eat it’: An Introduction to the ABC Theory of REBT, In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Theoretical Developments, New York: Routledge.
- Ellis, Albert, Abrams, Mike, & Abrams, Lidia, (2009), Personality Theories: Critical Perspectives, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
- Entessar, Nader., & Afrasiabi, Kaveh. L, (2019), Trump and Iran: From Containment to Confrontation, Lanham, Maryland: United States of America, Rowman & Littlefield.
- Frank, Justin. A, (2007), Bush on the Couch Rev Ed: Inside the Mind of the President, New York: Harper Collins.
- Greenstein, Fred I, (2012), E Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama, New York: Princeton University Press.
- Greenstein, Fred, (2008), “The “Strong leadership” of George W. Bush”, International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 5, 171–190, https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.165.
- Greenstein, Fred. I, (2009), The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama, New York: Princeton University Press.
- Hastedt, Glenn P, (2014), Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, New York: Infobase Publishing.
- Helms, Ludger, (2004), Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mann, James, (2015), George W. Bush: The American Presidents Series: The 43rd President, 2001-2009, New York: Henry Holt and Company.
- Marquez, Heron, (2005), George W. Bush, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books.
- McAdams, Dan, P, (2011), George W. Bush and the Redemptive Dream: A Psychological Portrait, New York: Oxford University Press.
- McAdams, Dan, P, (2016), The Art and Science of Personality Development, New York: Guilford Publications.
- McGuire, William J, (2004), “The Poly-Psy Relationship: Three Phases of a Long Affair”, In Key Readings in Social Psychology, New York: Psychology Press.
- McQueen, Alison, (2018), Political Realism in Apocalyptic Times, New York: ,Cambridge University Press.
- Milani, Mohsen. M, (2006), “Iran’s Policy Towards Afghanistan”, Middle East Journal, 60(2), 235–256.
- Miles, Alex, (2013), US Foreign Policy and the Rogue State Doctrine, New York: Routledge.
- Murray, Donette, (2009), US Foreign Policy and Iran: American-Iranian Relations Since the Islamic Revolution, New York: Routledge.
- Nadesan, Majia. Holmer, (2010), Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life, New York: Routledge.
- Neenan, Michael., & Dryden, Windy, (2010), Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy in a Nutshell, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Parsi, Trita, (2006), “The Price of Not Talking to Iran”, World Policy Journal, 23(4), 11–17.
- Parsi, Trita, (2012), A Single Roll of the Dice: Obama’s Diplomacy with Iran, New Haven: Connecticut, Yale University Press.
- Peleg, Ilan., & Scham, Paul, (2007), “Israeli Neo-Revisionism and American Neoconservatism: The Unexplored Parallels”, Middle East Journal, 61(1), 73–94.
- Peterson, Paul E, (1994), “The President’s Dominance in Foreign Policy Making,” Political Science Quarterly 109(2), 215–34.
- Post, Jerrold, (2019), Dangerous Charisma, New York: Pegasus Books.
- Post, Jerrold. M, (2010), The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders: With Profiles of Saddam Hussein and Bill Clinton, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
- Powaski, Ronald. E, (2018), Ideals, Interests, and U.S. Foreign Policy from George H. W. Bush to Donald Trump, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
- Renshon, Stanley, A, (2004), In His Father’s Shadow: The Transformations of George W. Bush, New York: St. Martin’s Press.
- Renshon, Stanley, A., & Suedfeld, P, (2013), Understanding the Bush Doctrine: Psychology and Strategy in an Age of Terrorism, New York: Routledge.
- Renshon, Stanley. A, (2014), High Hopes: The Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition, New York: Routledge.
- Rountree, Clarke, (2011), George W. Bush: A Biography, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
- Ryan, Greg, (2018), US Foreign Policy Towards China, Cuba and Iran: The Politics of Recognition, New York: Routledge.
- Rynhold, Jonathan, (2015), The Arab-Israeli Conflict in American Political Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sparrow, Bartholomew. H, (2010), “Realism’s Practitioner: Brent Scowcroft and the Making of the New World Order”, 1989–1993, Diplomatic History, 34(1), 141–175.
- Swansbrough, Robert, (2008), Test by Fire: The War Presidency of George Bush, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bernard, Michael. E, (2010), Rationality and the Pursuit of Happiness: The Legacy of Albert Ellis, Chichester: West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons.
- Daheshyar, Hossein, (1383), US Foreign Policy after 9/11,1, Tehran: Khate Sevom Publication. [In Persian]
- Eslami, Mohsen, Naghdi, Farzaneh, (1395), “Sanction as a Tool of U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Iran”, Foreign Relations Quarterly, 32(8), 37-71. [In Persian]
- Gharayagh Zandi, Davoud, (1388), “Bush Second Tern Administration's Foreign Policy Towards IRI: The Containment Policy (2004-8)”, Strategic Studies Quarterly, 43, 83-118. [In Persian]
- Houghton, David. Patrick, (1393), US Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis, Translate by Mardane Shareh Jinni, Vahid, 1, Tehran: Islamic Revolution Document Center. [In Persian]
- Houghton, David. Patrick, (1396), Political Psychology: Situations, Individuals, and Cases, Nazari, Aliashraf, Maftouh, Shahrzad, 2, Tehran: Ghoomes. [In Persian]
- Jamshidi, Mohammad, (1394), The Christian Right Movement and American Foreign Policy, Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies. [In Persian]
)