Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Candidate in International Relations, Department of International Relations, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor , International Relations, Department of Communication and Social Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 Visiting Professor, International Relations, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
From the time of mercantilism onwards, international trade has always been an arena of geopolitical rivalry, and the unipolar international order that emerged after the end of the cold war essentially created a special security architecture in the strategic Middle East so that it could maintain its status quo. Powers inevitably have to choose between two options to work within the framework or to challenge it. This paper examines the competition between the US and china in the form of strategic hedging and under the global value chain structure. The authors will seek to answer the question: What is china's middle east economic strategy in competition with the US? The research hypothesis is that China's middle East economic strategy in competing with the US is targeted influence through the most effective sections of the international value chain. The research findings are based on its explanatory-analytical method, that in the Middle East look, China according to the United States' efforts to build a unified trade front to counter Beijing's state-owned capitalism and in order to reduce its energy security risk, has focused on technology security at targeting growth in the value chain hierarchy and gaining a foothold at its highest levels.
Keywords
- افراسیاب پور، حامد، (1393)، «ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ پویش‌های ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ خلیج فارس»، مجله سیاست دفاعی، 22(88)، 219-185.
- جکسون، رابرت و سورنسون، گئورگ، (1393)، درآمدی بر روابط بین‌الملل، ترجمه مهدی ذاکریان، احمد تقی زاده و حسن سعید کلاهی. تهران: میزان
- دورسی، جیمز ام، (1399)، «کشورهای حاشیه خلیج فارس درگیر رقابت‌های آمریکا و چین»، ترجمه طلا تسلیمی، دیپلماسی ایرانی، دسترسی در http:// irdiplomacy. ir/ fa/ news/ .1992881
References
- Aleem, Z, (2018), “The US-China Tread War, Explained in under 500 World”, Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/6/17542482/china-trump-trade-war-tariffs.
- Art, R.J, (2004), Europe Hedges its Security Bets, In Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century: Stanford University Press.
- Baru, S, (2019), “US-China Trade War: From Cooperation to Containment”, Journal of the United Service Institution of India, No.
- Belbagi, Z., M, (2021), “Why China’s Growing Influence May be Heldupin Middle East”, ArabNews, Retrieved from: https:// www. arabnews.com/node/1796371.
- Bloomberg Businessweek, (2005), “Online Extra: Stan Shih on Taiwan and China”, Retrieved from: https:// www. bloomberg. com/ news/ articles/2005-05-15/online-extra-stan-shih-on-taiwan-and-china.
- Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C, (2005), “Hard Times for Soft Balancing”, International Security, 30(1), 72–108.
- Daniels, M, (2013), “Von ‘Paperclip’ zu CoCom: Die Herausbildung einer neuen US-Technologie- und Wissenspolitik in der Frühzeit des Kalten Krieges (1941–1951)”, TG Technikgeschichte, 80 (3), 209–224.
- Freymann, E, (2021), “Influence Without Entanglement in the Middle East”, Foreign Policy, Retrieved from: https:// foreignpolicy. com/ 2021/02/25/influence-without-entanglement-in-the-middle-east/.
- Fulton, J., (2019), China’s Changing Role in the Middle East, Washington: Atlantic Council Policy, pp.1-28.
- Goh, E, (2007⁄2008), “Great Powers and Hierarchical order in Southeast Asia: Analyzing Regional Security Strategies”, International Security, 32 (3),113–157.
- Green, M. J., Scahaus, J., Douglas, J., Cooper, Z. & Hicks, K. H, (2017), Countering Coercion in Maritime Asia: The Theory and Practice of Gray Zone Deterrence, pp.1-22. Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC.
- Heer, P, (2020), “Understanding US-China Strategic Competition”, MIT, Retrieved from: https:// cis. mit. edu/ publications/analysis-opinion/2020/understanding-us-china-strategic-competition.
- Ikenberry, G. J, (2018), “The End of Liberal International order?”, International Affairs, 94(1), 7-23.
- IMF Data, (2021), Retrieved from https:// data. imf. org/ regular. aspx? key=61013712.
- Index of U.S. Energy Security Risk, (2020), Global Energy Institute, Rerrieved from https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/energy-security-risk-index.
- Jiang, L. & Wenyu, J, (2021), “拜登政府的美日印澳四方安全合作构想述评”, Nanya Dongnanya Yanjiu,2, 16-36.
- Jisi, W, (2012), “Marching Westwards’: The Rebalancing of China’s GeoStrategy”, Center for International and Strategic Studies, ISS Report, 73.
- Kwan, C.H, (2019), “The China-US Trade War”, AEPR. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/aepr.12284.
- Lin, Z, (2018), “US-China Trade War is Really Clash of Civilization and Ideologies”, South China Morning Post, Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/2168492/us-china-trade-war-really-clash-civilisations-and-ideologies.
- Luft, G, (2009), “Dependence on Middle East Energy and Its Impact on Global Security”, In: Stec S., Baraj B, (eds), Energy and Environmental Challenges to Security, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Springer, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9453-8_13.
- Mahbubani, K., (2020), Has China Won?: The Chinese Challenge to American Primacy, New York: Publicaffairs.
- Maull, H., W, (1990), “Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers”, Foreign Affairs, 69 (5), 91-106, Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20044603.
- Mearsheimer, J, (2010), “The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(4), 381-396.
- Medeiros, E., S, (2005⁄2006), “Strategic Hedging and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability”, The Washington Quarterly, 29 (1), 145–167.
- Michnik, W, (2021), “Great Power Rivalry in the Middle East”, Elcano Royal Institute, Retrieved from: http:// www. realinstitutoelcano. org/ wps/ portal/ rielcano_ en/contenido? WCM_ GLOBAL_ CONTEXT=/ elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/commentary-michnik-great-power-rivalry-in-the-middle-east.
- Niblock, T, (2020), “China and the Middle East: A Global Strategy Where the Middle East has a Significant but Limited Place”, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, DOI: 10.1080/25765949.2020.1847855.
- Nixon, R, (1972), “Joint Statement Following Discussions with Leaders of the People’s Republic of China, Teaching American History, Retrieved from: https:// teaching american history. org/ document/ joint- statement- following-discussions-with-leaders-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-shanghai-communique.
- Operating System Market Share Worldwide, (2021), Statcounter, Retrieved from https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share.
- Paul, T. V, (2005), “Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S”, Primacy International Security, 30(1), 46–71.
- Pei, M, (2014), “How China and America See Each Other”, Foreign Affairs, Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/how-chinaand-america-see-each-other.
- Peters, M., A., (2012), Neoliberalism, Education and the Crisis of Western Capitalism, Policy Futures in Education, 10 (2).
- Rozsa, E. N, (2020), “Deciphering China in the Middle East”, Geopoliticalseries, Retrieved from https:// www. iss. europa. eu/ content/deciphering-china-middle-east.
- Sanger, D. E., & Benner, K, (2018), “U.S. Accuses Chinese Nationals of Infiltrating Corporate and Ggovernment Technology”, The New York Times, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/ us- and- other- nations- to- announce-china- crackdown.html.
- SangerE., et al, (2019), “In 5G Race with China, U.S. Pushes Allies to Fight Huawei”, The New York Times, Retrieved from https:// www. nytimes. com/ 2019/ 01/26/ us/ politics/ huawei-china-us-5g-technology.html.
- Schell, O. & Shirk, S., L, (2019), “Course Correction: Toward an Effective and Sustainable China Policy”, New York: Asia Society, Retrieved from: http:// asiasociety. org/ sites/default/files/inline-files /CourseCorrection_FINAL_2.7.19_0.pdf.
- Schulze, M. & Voelsen, D, (2020), “Digital Spheres of Influence”, SWP Berlin, 30-34, Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin. org/ en/ publication/digital-spheres-of-influence.
- Slaughter, A. M, (2017), The Chessboard and the Web: Strategies of Connection in a Networked World, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.150-230.
- Stokes, A., (2020), “China’s Periphery Diplomacy: Implications for Peace and Security in Asia”, United States Institute of Peace, 467, Retrieve from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24905.
- Tessman, B. F, (2012), “System Structure and State Strategy: Adding Hedging to the Menu” Security Studies, 21(2), 192–231.
- Tessman, B. & Wolfe, W, (2011), “Great Powers and Strategic Hedging: The Case of Chinese Energy Security Strategy”, International Studies Review, 13(2), 214–240.
- Trend Economy (Various Year), Retrieved from https:// trendeconomy. com/query.
- Unctad, (2021), “United Nation Conference on Trade and Development”, Retrieved from: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/.
- USMSA Protocol, (2019), “United State-Mexico- Canada agreement. Official of the United State Trade Representative”, Retrieved from https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/agreement-between.
- Xinbo,W, (2020), “The China Challenge: Competitor or order Transformer?”, Washington Quarterly, 43(3), 99–114. Retrieved from: http:// tandfonline. com/ doi/ full/ 10.1080/0163660X .2020.1813402.
- Wallerstein, I., et al., (2015), Overcoming Global Inequalities, Routledge: New York, pp.125.
- Zhu Xu, (2021), 中国参与全球治理的政策主张与历史经验, Xian Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao, 41(2), 111-121.
- Xuetong, Y., (2015), “From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 7(2), 153-184.
- Yu, C, (2021), “中美建交以来美国对华经济战略的嬗变, Guoji Guancha, 2, 85-102.
)