International Relations
Seyed Hamzeh Safavi; Amirhossein Elhami; Ahmad Ramezani
Abstract
The main concern of this research is the investigation of China's strategic presence in Southwest Asia in the horizon of 2033 and its effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. the research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative), the research strategy is explorative, its time ...
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The main concern of this research is the investigation of China's strategic presence in Southwest Asia in the horizon of 2033 and its effects on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. the research method is mixed (quantitative-qualitative), the research strategy is explorative, its time horizon is medium-term (10 years) and data collection is also mixed (documentary-field). First, by document study and interviews, 67 driving forces of China's strategic presence in 8 parameters of PESTEL+DS (political, economic, social, technological, environmental, legal, defense and security) In addition to 7 global - regional trends were identified. Then, with questionnaire the effectiveness, importance and uncertainty of them was determined (according to the Lawshe coefficient, the validity of 55 driving forces - trends was confirmed and 19 driving forces - trends did not achieve the desired validity). in total, 22 driving forces - trends above the significance and uncertainty threshold values were selected. Then, with Friedman's test, 7 driving forces were selected, and their qualitative states were also extracted. Finally, 4 scenarios with zero inconsistency were drafted and edited with the questionnaire of cross influence matrix and scenario wizard software, and their effects on the national security of IRI were evaluated.
Political economy
malek Avarideh; ali Mokhtari; ali bagheri dolatabadi
Abstract
In foreign policy, America has always used sanctions as an inhumane tool against countries that are not aligned with it. This approach was intensified during the presidency of Donald Trump and included the fields of finance, banking, insurance, transportation and shipping. The main question is what effect ...
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In foreign policy, America has always used sanctions as an inhumane tool against countries that are not aligned with it. This approach was intensified during the presidency of Donald Trump and included the fields of finance, banking, insurance, transportation and shipping. The main question is what effect has the imposed sanctions of the Trump administration had on the social and political capital of Iran? The hypothesis of the research points to the reduction of Iran's social and politicalcapital during the tightening of sanctions. A explanatory-analytical method based on library documents and data has been used to measure the research hypothesis. The findings of the research show that the sanctions have had a negative impact on the country's economic situation and the drop in economic indicators such as economic growth, increase in the exchange rate, inflation and inequality has turned the society's view towards livelihood and survival more than in the past. As a result of the predominance of livelihood over action and thinking, destructive effects in the social spheres (increase in crime, immigration), culture (decrease in attention to non-governmental organizations and artistic and cultural activities) and politics (decrease in political participation, spread of protests, collective violence and lawlessness) has emerged.
International Relations
Mohammad Hadi Raji; اصغر Eftekhari
Abstract
One of the frameworks for the integrated analysis of the components of Western pressure and war against the Islamic Republic of Iran is the hybrid war framework. In this regard, examining how to deal with this type of war can have theoretical applications and operational applications for elites and relevant ...
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One of the frameworks for the integrated analysis of the components of Western pressure and war against the Islamic Republic of Iran is the hybrid war framework. In this regard, examining how to deal with this type of war can have theoretical applications and operational applications for elites and relevant officials. The main question of this research is: What are the strategies to deal with the hybrid war of the West against the Islamic Republic of Iran? This research is important from two aspects of approach and operation, in terms of approach and theory that focuses on the integration of coping strategies, and in terms of operations that can be useful for officials related to hybrid warfare. This research is exploratory and not hypothesis testing. The future research is developmental and practical in terms of type, because it explains the necessity of applying a systematic and systematic approach to the problem of hybrid war and the solutions to deal with this type of war, and it also has operational implications for field officials in this field...
Political Sociology
Jalil Dara; Javad Alaei Avargani
Abstract
IntroductionDistribution and redistribution, as one of the specialized functions within the political system, aims to address inequalities and reduce socio-economic disparities. It holds a pivotal role in the systemic approach, as the success or failure of these efforts can significantly influence the ...
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IntroductionDistribution and redistribution, as one of the specialized functions within the political system, aims to address inequalities and reduce socio-economic disparities. It holds a pivotal role in the systemic approach, as the success or failure of these efforts can significantly influence the level of support for the political system. Following the Revolution, the Islamic Republic embarked on a mission to narrow the class gap across various strata of society by adopting distribution and redistribution policies with the ultimate aim of realizing justice. The Iranian political system thus adopted a proactive stance and function regarding distribution and redistribution, commencing with land reforms at the onset of the Islamic Revolution and progressing through various policy initiatives over the span of four decades. While the impact of the distribution and redistribution policies can be objectively assessed through statistical data and indicators, it is equally crucial to take into account people’s subjective perceptions of such policies. This subjective perception often carries substantial weight, sometimes even outweighing the tangible outcomes of policies, significantly influencing the political behavior of individuals within society. In this respect, the present research tried to address the degree of success of the post-Revolution distribution and redistribution policies, and their impact on people’s political action.Literature ReviewMehrgan and Ezzati (2008) delved into the impact of various factors, including taxes, per capita income, literacy levels, unemployment, and inflation rates, on citizens’ political participation. The findings revealed that inflation and unemployment significantly reduced electoral participation in the provinces. Conversely, higher levels of literacy and per capita income were associated with increased political engagement of citizens. Saboktakin et al. (2015) concluded that a substantial 99% correlation exists between social and political participation, with a 53% correlation observed for political satisfaction and an 18% correlation for social satisfaction. Furthermore, there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic base and political participation. The results of the regression analysis indicated that among these three variables, political satisfaction had the most significant impact on participation, while social satisfaction had the least impact on social and political participation. Analyzing the economic redistribution policies, Hatami (2012) demonstrated that during the 9th and 10th governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, there existed a set of peripheral economic policies, such as Justice Shares (Saham-e Edalat), Mehr Housing Plan, and targeted subsidies. These policies interacted with the broader social and electoral context, leading to a complex reciprocal relationship. As a result, Hatami identified two distinct syndromes in the redistribution policies of the governments. The first syndrome pertained to how the peripheral policies of the government exacerbated the conflict between the center and periphery and turned invisible economic conflicts into socially determining issues. The second syndrome involved the interplay between class aspects of the government and its political ramifications. Instead of the government acting as a party to these conflicts and as an agent in class conflicts, it should play the role of a neutral arbitrator and mediator in resolving class conflicts. This suggests that the government should work towards enhancing its public image and role in this regard.Materials and MethodsThe present research adopted a descriptive–analytical approach and a documentary method. The study aimed to propose a theoretical framework by adapting the systems theories of Almond and Powell as well as Robert Merton’s theory.ConclusionBoth statistical data and public perception of policy outcomes showed that these policies and institutions exhibited relative inefficiency during the period from 2011 to 2020, leading to exacerbating the existing inequalities and fostering a perception of injustice. Additionally, people’s assessment of the economic situation underscores the inefficiency of such policies, particularly evident in the feedback loop within the system. It is worth noting that a key indicator of support for a political system, particularly in electoral systems, is the level of political participation. An increase in political participation signifies the effective functioning of the political system, while a decline serves as a warning to the political system, indicating diminishing support. A comparative analysis of the outcomes of distribution and redistribution policies, coupled with the levels of political apathy and the participation rate from 2011 to 2020, clearly revealed a significant connection between the effectiveness of resource (re)distribution and the electoral participation rate as an indicator of the level of support for the political system. The inefficiency of these policies and institutions has grown increasingly conspicuous, exacerbating economic and social inequalities and fostering a prevailing sense of political apathy and hopelessness among the citizens. This factor can be considered one of the root causes contributing to the declining participation rates in both presidential and parliamentary elections.
Political Sociology
Roya Dousti; Ali Salehi Farsani; Hossein Abolfazli Karizi
Abstract
The present article examines the role of the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relations with the United States between 1979 and 2021. Accordingly, the main question is: What effect did the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on relations with the United States of America between ...
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The present article examines the role of the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relations with the United States between 1979 and 2021. Accordingly, the main question is: What effect did the identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran have on relations with the United States of America between 1979 and 2021? The temporary answer to the question of the present article, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, is: The revolutionary-Islamic identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its increasingly anti-unilateralist and domineering role, has been in opposition to the interests of the United States of America, which has led to the termination of relations between the two countries between 1979 and 2021. Iran-US relations include the institutionalized structure of conflict in the relations between two political units, which on the one hand is rooted in the nature and type of their political system, and on the other hand is rooted in internal, regional and international causes and factors. In fact, what prevented the establishment of normal relations between the parties is not at the level of discourse or behavior, but due to the confrontational identity of Iran and the United States.
Hossein Pourahmadi Meybodi; Mohammad Soltanpour
Abstract
The Iranian revolution caused an offensive approach in the American foreign policy towards Iran, and US Offensive foreign policy has taken a different form with the change of each of the presidents. Based on the critical role of the presidency in US foreign policy and the fact that the study of lives ...
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The Iranian revolution caused an offensive approach in the American foreign policy towards Iran, and US Offensive foreign policy has taken a different form with the change of each of the presidents. Based on the critical role of the presidency in US foreign policy and the fact that the study of lives and personalities of presidents has been a significant part of the study of political psychology. The study seeks to find the psychological effects of the life of George W. Bush and his personality on the macro approach of US foreign policy, specifically to Iran. The theoretical framework in this study is the "activator, ideas and results" model of Albert Ellis, an American psychologist. This approach examines the psychological state by examining the role of events and how they are interpreted by individuals. In fact, the data used is data from Bush's biographies, which are examined in a historical and longitudinal way. In the following, Bush's psychological cycle is described and explained by determining the examples of "activator", "ideas" and "results", and his personality traits such as excitement, impulsive behaviors and extraversion are extracted. The results show the decisive influence of Bush's personality traits on his administration's macro-foreign policy approach and important decisions such as the invasion of Iraq, as well as placing Iran at the center of evil and the nuclear issue.
Mohammad Hossein Ghourchani Khouzani; Zohreh Dehdashti Shahrokh
Abstract
In the political systems, competition between political actors with the aim of gaining power and influencing voters ‘decisions, depends on how they market their political activities. The lack of deep understanding of the people image towards the politicians and factors influencing public political ...
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In the political systems, competition between political actors with the aim of gaining power and influencing voters ‘decisions, depends on how they market their political activities. The lack of deep understanding of the people image towards the politicians and factors influencing public political and social behaviors create problem in achieving political goals. The purpose of the present study is to create a clear picture of the depth of the minds of the Iranian voters towards the ideal brand of the president in Iran. This research is conducted by a phenomenological approach and in order to determine the conceptual map of the ideal brand of the president has conducted in-depth interviews along with the ZMET technique. It should be noted that the statistical population of the present study is targeted from Iranian over the age of 18 who have at least participated in one presidential election. Also, after conducting 14 interviews, the researcher reached theoretical saturation and a consensus map of the ideal presidential brand was extracted. The central structures included in the consensus plan are: Advanced Iran, Economic Improvement, Development and Culture Improvement, Relaxation, Tourism Attention and Development, Committed, Justice-seeking, Global Communication, Environmental and Pragmatic, which should be included in market campaigns. Presidential policy to increase public participation in elections.
Ali Karimi Maleh; Meisam Belbasi; Seyyed Mohammad Javad Ghorbi
Abstract
This article seeks to answer the question of which layers and elements are the cultural identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the document "Elements of Iranian National Identity"? The achievements of this research show that cultural identity in the document of the elements of Iranian national identity ...
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This article seeks to answer the question of which layers and elements are the cultural identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the document "Elements of Iranian National Identity"? The achievements of this research show that cultural identity in the document of the elements of Iranian national identity consists of two layers of Islamic cultural identity including elements such as spirituality and monotheism, Islam and the religion of Shiism and Quranic education, cultural convergence, the elimination of oppression and oppression, Ordinary, ethics, customs, and traditions, the practice of the Prophet's sake, is the never-ending justice, expectation and historical mission of the Iranian people, and the cultural identity of Iranians including elements such as cultural heritage and ritual, Iranian architecture, Scholars and science-friendship, Iranian history, defense of the land, memory and collective memories, Iranian civilization, Persian language and Persian font, Iranian ethnos and groups with beautiful subcultures that can lead to the cultural, spiritual and national identity and solidarity among the Iranian people. It should also be noted that the document does not mention any modern Iranian identity. To answer the question, a qualitative and quantitative content analysis method is used.
Abstract
Two years after the creation ISIS, the group moved towards Central Asia. This advancement raised many questions and worried analysts. This paper tries to answer the question that: What are the causes for the advancement of ISIS in Central Asia? The hypothesis of this paper is that some regional factors ...
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Two years after the creation ISIS, the group moved towards Central Asia. This advancement raised many questions and worried analysts. This paper tries to answer the question that: What are the causes for the advancement of ISIS in Central Asia? The hypothesis of this paper is that some regional factors such as poverty, underdevelopment, political and economic instability, spread of extremism among some Muslims, rich mineral resources of this area, the two fundamentalist Muslim communities (Pakistan and Afghanistan) as the neighboring countries, Russian influence, the presence of Muslims in the West China (Xinjiang province) and most importantly ISIS strategy for Internationalization led to the advancement of this group in the region.
Ali Akbar Jafari; Dayan Janbaz
Volume 5, Issue 16 , June 2016, , Pages 93-121
Abstract
Foreign policy as the most important international behavior of states has
always been the area of interaction between theory and practice. The analysis of
the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from internal and external
sources has been interpreted from the traditional patterns of foreign ...
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Foreign policy as the most important international behavior of states has
always been the area of interaction between theory and practice. The analysis of
the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran from internal and external
sources has been interpreted from the traditional patterns of foreign policy and
based on the mainstream assumptions of positivist and utilitarian international
studies. But today it is seriously believed that a realistic analysis of the foreign
policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran will not be possible except in the
framework of our conceptual understanding of the Islamic Republic of Iran. On
this basis, we can say that after the victory of the Islamic Revolution we had saw
different effects of discursive constructs in the context of the totality of
knowledge in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the
question of this research is that how diversity discourse in foreign policy had
influenced Iran's nuclear diplomacy in different periods of time? In response to
this question, the hypnosis of this research is that the diversity of discourse on
foreign policy leads to mobilization of resource and consequently, different
diplomacy in foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to resolve the nuclear
crisis in different periods of time.
Yousof Torabi; Yousof Ali Majidi
Volume 3, Issue 11 , April 2015, , Pages 9-29
Abstract
Iran as a great nation is home to different tribes and cultures. The people under Iranian nationality always have lived together peacefully and respectfully. But sometimes, some of these tribes were not satisfied because for several reasons such as ignorance, poverty, discrimination, and poor management ...
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Iran as a great nation is home to different tribes and cultures. The people under Iranian nationality always have lived together peacefully and respectfully. But sometimes, some of these tribes were not satisfied because for several reasons such as ignorance, poverty, discrimination, and poor management of political elites, as well as the interferences of the colonialist countries. Those problems resulted in harms to national unity, integration and national security. The principle goal of this study is to investigate the methods for managing the ethnic gaps in Kordestan Province of Islamic republic of Iran. In all political systems consisting of ethnic and cultural diversities, governments have an important role in managing the ethnic gaps. Using rational approaches, governments can manage all the ethnic gaps based on scientific, fair and justice methods, ensuring that the right of all people would be preserved. This study is an applied research that has been done using an analytical and descriptive method based on documents and bibliographic techniques. At the end of this research, it is concluded that for a better management of ethnic gaps in Kordestan Province the following leads should be followed: Insisting on common values and common historical culture, Islamic identity, Iranian identity, overcoming the deprivation, and utilization of constitutional capacity of the Islamic republic of Iran.
Seid Mohammad Tabatabaei; Ali Soleimani
Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 2014, , Pages 93-123
Abstract
Conflicts between Islamic Republic of Iran and The Zionist regime has longbeen studied from the various perspectives of International Relations.Perspectives such as Constructivism, Realism, Regional Balance of Power, aresome of these perspectives. In other works geopolitical status, ideological,geostrategic, ...
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Conflicts between Islamic Republic of Iran and The Zionist regime has longbeen studied from the various perspectives of International Relations.Perspectives such as Constructivism, Realism, Regional Balance of Power, aresome of these perspectives. In other works geopolitical status, ideological,geostrategic, and geocultural problems have been considered by scholars andresearchers. But in this article, it has been tried to study each one of thesegovernments as a normative value system which attempt to expand and spreadits own norms and values in the international space. Therefore, the mainquestion of this paper seeks to explore the factors that lead to negativeperspective between the two. In fact, it can be argued that the expanded valuesystem of each government caused bankruptcy of norms of the other in theinternational system. In other words, the spreading norms of each one of thesetwo opposite value systems will guarantee the survival of that government ininternational system and limit the breathing space of the opponent.
Ali Adami; Ehsan Movahedian; Reza Niknam
Volume 2, Issue 5 , June 2013, , Pages 131-161
Abstract
In recent years, Iran- US Challenge has undergone major developmentsincluding sanction against the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iranwhich means rapture of Iranian transactions with the world. According to US.officials these sanctions targeted Iranian financial capacities to ensure slowernuclear ...
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In recent years, Iran- US Challenge has undergone major developmentsincluding sanction against the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iranwhich means rapture of Iranian transactions with the world. According to US.officials these sanctions targeted Iranian financial capacities to ensure slowernuclear activities and changes in the behavior of the Iranian government. SinceIslamic Republic nuclear program and its behavior and interaction with the Westare managed under competent leadership of the Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei,assessment of his Attitude will guide us to find out the impact of the sanctionson Islamic Republic stances. Thus, this article tries to answer the followingquestion: Did the sanction against Iranian centeral Bank Change the Supremeleader anti-western stances? In order to do so, contents of leader’s 24 publicspeeches analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively before and after sanction.Authors conclude that Supreme leader anti-western stances strengthen afterIranian Central Bank sanction
