Document Type : Research Paper
Abstract
The role of united state of America in Middle East region extremism with emphasis on Iraq and Syria
Abstract
Since 2011, followed by the start of the unrest in the Arabic countries of the Middle East, the extremists in the region, especially in Iraq and in Syria has increased. Given the ethnic and religious context of the Middle East, diversity of extremist group in this region is Predictable. The question that arises is that the role of trans-regional power such as united state of America in the Spread of extremism in Middle East how evaluated?
This study argues that, the United States is the major causes of survival and function of extremist forces in the Middle East, including in Iraq and Syria.
The formation of extremism in the Middle East, despite the availability of its domestic context, also needs to external stimulus. The aim of this study is evaluate the impact of external factors such as the US government's role in the formation and spread of the phenomenon of extremism in the Middle East.
The research method is descriptive and analytical
Key word: Middle East, extremism, ISIS. United state of America, Financial and military assistance.
Keywords
عابدی اردکانی، محمد. (1382). «مقایسه ابعاد مختلف نظریه گفت‌وگوی تمدن‌ها و نظریه برخورد تمدن‌ها». فصلنامه کاوش نامه. سال چهارم. شماره 5 و 6.
- قربانی شیخ‌نشین، ارسلان، قدیمی، اکرم. (1391). «بررسی راهبردهای سیاست خارجی امریکا در کردستان عراق و امنیت جمهوری اسلامی ایران». فصلنامه راهبرد. سال 21. شماره 62.
ب) انگلیسی
- Alkan, A, (2014), “Is there Really a Clash of Civilizations? The Nature of Present World Order after Huntington and the Explanations of Clash within Civilization Orbits”, Asian Journal of Science and Humanities, Vol, 3. No. 4.
-Amin, Z, (2014), “Why United State Lead an Invasion of Iraq on 2003”, International Iournal of Iolitical Scince and Development, Vol, 2. No. 11.
- Ahmad, M, (2011), “Divide and Rule: the Hidden Conflict in Iraq”, The Dialogue, Vol, 11. No. 4.
- Adnan, S, Reese, A, (2014), “Beyond the Islamic State: Iraq Suuni Insurgency”, Institute for Study of War, Middle East Security Report, No. 24.
- Abramowitz, M, Edelman, E, (2013), “U.S- Turkish Cooperation toward a Post –Assad Syrian Bipartisan Policy Center”, Appear of BPC Turkey Tack Force, Pp. 1-36.
- Brewda, J, (1992), “New Bernard Lewis Plan Will Cree Up the Middle East”, EIR Strategic Studies,Vol, 19. No.43.
- Bose, S, (2007), “Shia and Iranian Ascendance Suuni and American Prospection’s”, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), No. 10.
- Cartaluci, T, (2014), “How the U.S Support the Islamic State (ISIS): on Accidental Airdrop vs. Billions in Covert Military Aid”, Available in www.global Research.ca/ 5409449. Last Visited on August 28, 2015.
- Dreyfuss, R, Lemarc, T, (1981), Hostage to Khomeini, New Benjamin Franklin House.
- Dickinson, E, (2013), “Playing with Fire: Why Private Gulf Financing for Syrian Extremist Rebels Risk Legating Sectarian: Conflict at Home”, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, Analysis Paper, No. 16.
- Fuller, G, (2011), “Islamist Politics in Iraq After Saddam Hussein”, United State Institute for Peace, Special Report, No. 108, Pp. 1-16.
-Gulmohamad, Z, (2014), “The Rise and Fall of the Islamic State of Iraq and Al-sham”, Global Security Study, Vol, 5. No.2.
- Gunter, M, (2013), “The Contemporary Roots of Kurdish Nationalism in Iraq”, KUFA Review, No. 2. Issue 1, pp. 29-48.
- Gani, J, K, (2011), “Understanding and Explanation U.S- Syrian Relation: Conflict and Cooperation and Role of Ideology”, PH.D. Thesis, London School of Economics, Department of International Relation.
-Huntington, S, (1993), “The Clash of Civilization”, Foreign Affairs, Vol, 72, No. 3.
- Henderson, N, (2015), “2015 Terrorism and Political Violence Map Guide”, AON Institute, No. 6.
- Hallinan, C, (2011), “Shiite vs. Sunni?, Foreign Policy in Focus, Available in http:// Fpif.org/ fpiftext/416. Last Visited on September 2, 2015.
- Holmquist, E, (2015), “ISIS and Hezbollah Conduit of Instability”, FOI, No. 405.
- The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Center,ISIS: Patriot of Jihad Tterrorist Organization, (2014), pp. 1-8.
- Jansson, M, (2014), “Following the Money: Financing the Territorial Expansion of Psalmist Insurgents in Syrian”, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Report No. 4947.
- Kashefi, M, (2013), “The Arab Spring and Its Theoretical Significance: Samuel Haungtingtons Theory of Clash of Civilization”,Revisited Societies without Border Journal, Vol, 8. No. 2.
- Kirmanj, Sh, (2013), “Identity and Nation in Iraq”, Lumer Runner Publisher Website,
Www. Rienner. Com. Last Visited on Jully 23, 2015.
- Kobek, M, Rodriguez, M, (2013), “The American Way of War: Afghanistan and Iraq”, Revista Enfoques, Vol, xi. No. 18.
- Kissinger, H, (2007), “Withdrawal in Not of Option”, International Herald Tribune, January 18. Pp. 1-8.
-Lewis, B, (2002), “The Roots of Muslim Rage”, Policy Journal, Vol, 16. No. 4
- Lewis, B, (1996), “Islam and Liberal Democracy, a Historical Overview”, Journal of Democracy, Vol, 12.
-Lewis, B, (1992), “Rethinking the Middle East”, Available in www.foreignaffairs.com./artical/middle east/1992/09/1. Last Visited on August 19, 2015.
- Mardini, R, (2012), “Relation with Iraq’s Kurd: Toward a Working Partnership”, Institute for the Study of War (ISW), PP. 1-6.
- Miller, V, (2013), “U.S Government and Congress Response to Syria”, House of Commons Library, International Affairs Defense Section, No. Sina 6721.
- Montazeri, A, (2012), “The U.S as the Chief Architect of Syrian Crisis”, Available in www.iranreview.org/document/htm. Last Visited on July 25, 2015.
- Malmvig, H, (2013), “Ambiguous Endings: Middle East Regional Security in the Wake of the Arab Uprising and the Syrian Civil War”, Danish Institute for International Sstudies (DIIS), Report, No. 23.
- Reese, A, (2013), “Sectarian and Regional Conflict in the Middle East”, Institute for the Sudy of War (ISW), Middle East Security Report, No. 13.
- Sharp, J, Blanchard, CH, (2012), “Syria: Unrest and U.S Policy”, Congressional Research Service, No. RL33487,pp.1-35. www.crs.gov.
- Samiei, M, (2009), “Neo-Orientalism? A Critical Appraisal of Changing Western Perspective: Bernard Lewis, Jom Esposito and Gilles Kepel”, Ph.D Thesis, University of Westminster.
- Sullivan, M, (2014), “Hezbollah in Syria”, Institute for Study of War, Middle East Security Report, No. 9.
-Weller, P, (2010), “The Clash of Civilization, Thesis and Religious Responses”, European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, Vol. 3. No. 1.
)