Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Azita Salehi ¹
• Nozar Shafiee ²
• Shahrooz Ebrahimi ³
• Saeed Vosoughi ⁴

¹ Ph.D Student, International Relations, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

² Associate Professor, International Relations, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

³ Associate Professor in International Relations, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

⁴ Associate Professor in International Relations, Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan

Abstract

Introduction
The Islamic Republic of Iran and China are key players in their respective regions. The strategic position of Lebanon and Iraq has prompted the leadership in Tehran and Beijing to strengthen their influence and credibility in both countries. Over the past few decades, various international actors have employed different methods to improve their global image, given the increasing role of soft power in elevating a country’s status. One such method is public diplomacy, which displays a more peaceful side of politics. In this context, both Tehran and Beijing are seeking to bolster their credibility in Lebanon and Iraq through public diplomacy initiatives. However, an analysis of their efforts reveals a stark contrast: while China has been relatively successful in projecting a favorable image, Iran has not only failed to achieve the same goal but has also contributed to the rise of anti-Iranian sentiment—often referred to as Iranophobia—both regionally and globally. Adopting a comparative perspective, the current study aimed to explore the differences and reasons underlying public diplomacy initiatives of China and Iran. The research questions are as follows: 1) what are the differences and similarities in the public diplomacy of Iran and China, and 2) how do these differences impact Iranian and Chinese influence in Iraq and Lebanon?
Literature Review
The review of the literature is divided into four sections. The first section provides a definition of public diplomacy, discussing key definitions, characteristics, and its role in international relations. The second examines Iran’s public diplomacy efforts, focusing on its ideological strategies and the challenges it faces in fostering relationships with Lebanon and Iraq. The third analyzes China’s approach to public diplomacy, highlighting the influence of Confucian principles and the emphasis on economic cooperation. Finally, the fourth section presents a comparative analysis of the public diplomacy strategies employed by the Islamic Republic of Iran and China within the strategic contexts of Lebanon and Iraq.
Materials and Methods
The study employed a qualitative analysis, drawing on a range of journal articles, statistical data, and archival resources. This approach enables a multifaceted discussion of public diplomacy efforts by Iran and China.
Results and Discussion
The analysis showed that both China and Iran recognize the importance of public diplomacy and its role in building trust with the people and governments of Lebanon and Iraq. However, their approaches differ significantly. China emphasizes respect for national sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs, thereby cultivating a positive and friendly image. In contrast, Iran’s efforts to export its Islamic principles have not only hindered its progress but also diminished its credibility and influence among the populations of Iraq and Lebanon. Iran needs to revisit its public diplomacy strategies, as it faces considerable challenges in the realm of international relations. According to the findings, China has achieved notable success through public diplomacy and economic cooperation. Iran must place greater emphasis on addressing the social and cultural needs of Lebanon and Iraq. Adapting its policies to local contexts would significantly enhance the effectiveness of Iran’s diplomatic efforts. By examining China’s success in this domain, Iranian state officials can better align their strategies with national interests.
Conclusion
Relying on the conceptual framework of public diplomacy, this study analyzed the roles of China and Iran in Lebanon and Iraq, with a focus on the similarities and differences in how they employ public diplomacy. Both countries recognize public diplomacy as a vital tool in international relations, which requires a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and political contexts of the target nations. China has emphasized Confucian principles and leveraged its economic capabilities, while Iran has centered its efforts on promoting Islamic principles. Both nations believe that adherence to their respective value systems can contribute to fostering a safer and more peaceful global society. China’s public diplomacy has been largely successful, enhancing its soft power both in the region and in the world. In contrast, Iran’s approach—rooted heavily in its ideals and principles—appears to have neglected the everyday realities of local populations. This has led to a decline in its influence among the Lebanese and Iraqi people. Iran could benefit from the experiences of Chinese public diplomacy strategies to adjust its own approach and increase its influence. It is recommended that Iranian policymakers shift their focus from ideological principles to the actual necessities and conditions of the local communities, thereby increasing their diplomatic effectiveness.

Keywords

• Iran
• China
• Public Diplomacy
• Lebanon
• Iraq

Main Subjects

• International Relations