Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor, International Relations, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In comparison to relations with other European major powers, Iran-Germany relations have been less fragile, more largely stable and expanding. Analysts consider historical, economic, and geopolitical reasons for this feature. One of the difficulties in studying German foreign policy is that the country has abandoned its geopolitical rivalries because of the tough lessons of world war II and has devoted most of its potential to the international economy. Moreover, Germany cannot regulate its foreign policy beyond the framework of its transatlantic commitments, as well as principles and norms of the common European foreign policy. For this reason, the analysis of German foreign policy should focus more on the relatively covert behavior of the country than usual positions by the officials. The study of Iran-Germany relations stands within this framework. This paper aims to focus on the question that why Germany has done its best to emphasize an interactive model in the face of the US confrontation with Iran, and to make the EU to follow this behavior? This paper provides a historical-analytical framework for a deeper understanding of German policy toward Iran, as well as focusing on Germany's approach toward Iran after the JCPOA, especially when Trump lost the presidency.

Keywords

Main Subjects

  • ایزدی، پیروز، (1388)، «روابط ایران و فرانسه» خارقانی، سید شمس‎الدین و دیگران، روابط ایران و اتحادیه اروپایی: قابلیت‌ها و محدودیت‎ها، مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظام، تهران.
  • رنجبردار، مجید و آقایی، داوود، (1397)، «اقتصاد سیاسی روابط دوجانبه آلمان و ایران: مطالعه موردی سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، دوره 7، شماره3، شماره پیاپی 25.
  • کیانی، داود، (1392)، «مثلث روابط میان ایران، آلمان و اتحادیۀ اروپا»، فصلنامۀ روابط خارجی، پاییز، شماره 3.
  • کیانی، داود، خودنگاه، فرانک و جاودانی مقدم، مهدی، (1399)، «ایران و سیاست موازنه‎گرای آلمان»، فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین‌الملل، شمارۀ 51.
  • موسویان، سیدحسین، (1385)، چالشهای روابط ایران و غرب؛ بررسی روابط ایران و آلمان، تهران: مرکز تحقیقات استراتژیک.
  • نیلی، مجید و مالکی، مصطفی،(1399)، «حضور آلمان در برجام»، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، دوره 34، شماره 4.

References

  • Banchoff, Thomas, (1999), “German Identity and European Integration”, European Journal of International Relations, 5: 259–89.
  • Baumann, Rainer & Gunther Hellmann, (2001), “Germany and the Use of Military Force: ‘Total War,’ the ‘Culture of Restraint,’ and the Quest for Normality”, German Politics, 10: 61–82.
  • Bertram, Christoph, (2008), Partner, Nicht Geger Fur eine andere Ian-Politik [Ally, Not Adversary. In Favor of Another Policy towards Iran], Berlin: Korber-Stiftung, 11.
  • Castiglioni, Claudia, (2015), “The EEC and Iran: From the Revolution of 1979 to the Lauch of the Critical Dialogue in 1992”, Journal of European Integration History, 21(1).
  • Chase, Jefferson, (2018), “Germany Reaffirms Iran's Nuclear Deal but Business Worries Abound”, 09.05.2018, See: dw.com.
  • European Parliament, (2020), “State of Play of EU-Iran Relations and the Future of the JCPOA”, Policy Department for External Relations European Parliament (2020), State of Play of EU-Iran Relations and the Future of the JCPOA.
  • Ewing, J. Reed S, (2018), “European Companies Reushed to Invest on Iran, What Now?”, Available at: https:// www. nytimes. com/ 2018/ 05/09/business/iran-nuclear-trump-business-europe.html, Accessed on: 2022/12/17.
  • Fathollah Nejad, Ali, (2018), “Europe and the Future of Iran Policy: Dealing with a Dual Crisis”, Brookings Doha Center, Policy Briefing, October. [In Persian]
  • Fiedler, Radoslaw, (2018), “Iran and the European Union after Nuclear Deal”, CES Working Paper (CESWP), Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Availabe at: https:// www. econstor. eu/bitstream/10419/198546/1/ceswp-v10-i3-p291-305.pdf, Accessed on: 2022/12/17.
  • Gaskarth, Jamie & Ka I Oppermann, (2021), “Clashing Traditions: German Foreign Policy in a New Era”, International Studies Perspectives, 22, 84–105.
  • Harnisch, Sebastian & Hanns W. Maull, eds, (2001), Germany as a Civilian Power? The Foreign Policy of the Berlin Republic, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Hilgers, Gert, (2019), “Why Germany resoundingly rejected joining a US-led mission against Iran”, http:// www. google. com/ amp/ s/ www. nytimes.com/2018/05/09/business/iran-nuclear-trump-buinese-europe. amp.html.
  • https://iran.ahk.de/en/media/news/germany-irans-most-important-trading-partner.
  • https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/iransource/why-germany-resoundingly-rejected-joining-a-us-led-mission-against-iran.
  • https://www.econstor.eu/escollectiondhodme/10419/198049.
  • https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Europe-and-the-future-of-Iran-policy-dealing-with-a-dual-crisis-English.
  • Kiani, Daoud, Khodnagh, Frank and Javadani Moghadam, Mehdi, (2019), “Iran and Germany's Balancing Policy”, International Relations Studies Quarterly, No. 51. [In Persian]
  • Kiani, Davood, (2012), “Iran and Germany New Geopolitics”, Iranian Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 3. [In Persian]
  • Kiani, Davood, (2012), “The Triangle of Relations between Iran, Germany and the European Union”, Foreign Relations Quarterly, No. 3, Fall. [In Persian]
  • Kùntzel, Matthias, (2014), “Hidden Diplomacy: The German- American Dispute over Iran”, American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, 36:4.
  • Kuntzel, Matthias, D, (2012), Ie Deutschen und der Iran. “Geschichte und Gegenwart eineer verhllngnisvollen Freundchaft, Berlin: wjs publishing.
  • Kùnzel, Matthias, (2014), Germany and Iran: From the Aryan Axis to the Nuclear Threshold, New York: Telos Press.
  • Liebert, Ulrike, (2010), “Two Projects of European Identity”, In Collective Identity and Democracy: The Impact of EU Enlargement, Edited by Magdalena Góra and Zdzisław, Mach, 29–59. Oslo: ARENA.
  • Mousavian, Seyyed Housein, (2008), Irna-Europe Revolutions, New York: Roudlege.
  • Mousaviyan, Seyed Hossein, (2006), Challenges of relations between Iran and the West; A Study of Iran-Germany Relations, Tehran: Strategic Research Center. [In Persian]
  • Parthes, Volker, (2008), Irna-Eine Polistiche Harausforderung [Iran-A Political Challenge] Fankfort: M. Suhrkamp.
  • Udo Steinbach, (2007), “Europa ist auch von einem nulear bewaffneten Iran nicht bedroht”, [Even a Nuclear – Armed Iran Does Not Threate Eruope], EurasischesMagazine, April 30.
  • europarl.europa.euhttps://iran.ahk.de/en/media/news/germany-irans-most-important-trading-partner.
  • Yazidi, Pirouz, (2008), “Iran-France Relations”, in Kharghani, Seyed Shamsuddin and others (Editors), Iran-European Union Relations: Capabilities and Limitations, Strategic Research Center of Expediency Analysis Forum, Tehran. [In Persian]