Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 university of tehran

2 university of Tehran

Abstract

Leaving the Middle East by US ground troops and its concurrency with bolder presence of US western allies and more equipping of its regional allies, indicated a change in the approach of US toward the Middle East as a result of Pivot to Asia strategy. Therefore, this paper raises its main research question that “what is the new policy and strategy of US toward the Middle East? And how this strategy would be for fighting with terrorist groups with focus on ISIS?” The current study has applied a descriptive analysis method and has investigated US strategy towards the Middle East by using the theory of “Offshore Balancing Strategy”. It is concluded that some factors such as the absence of ground troops, transference of costs to other allies and delegation of duty, multilateralism and … are regarded as the main elements of new strategy of US. As a result, using local forces, regional allies, light footprint strategy and some cooperation  like  aerial cooperation against ISIS, equipping and instructing the troops, using  navy and specific forces and utilizing the drones and  rockets and… will be from the first priorities and choices of US.
 

Keywords

الف- فارسی
-     جمشیدی، محمد، (1395)، «تجدید توازن: استراتژی کلان ایالات متحده در دوران اوباما»، پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی، سال 11، تابستان 95، شماره 3.
-     دهشیار، حسین، (1395)، «گسل‌های هویتی و اقتصاد سیاسی گروه داعش»، سیاست جهانی، دوره 5، پاییز، شماره 3.
-   قاسمی، فرهاد و کشاورز شکری، عباس، (1388)، «نگرشی یه سیستم بازدارندگی منطقه‌ای در روابط بین‌الملل: مطالعه موردی ایران و آمریکا»، فصلنامه رهیافت سیاسی و بین‌المللی، زمستان 88، شماره 20.
-   یزدان‌پناه، محمد و جانفشان، سید مهدی، (1392)، «تغییر راهبرد نظامی-امنیتی آمریکا از منطقه خاورمیانه به پاسیفیک و پیامدهای آن برای جمهوری اسلامی»، مجله سیاست دفاعی، سال 22، زمستان، شماره 85.
-     یزدان فام، محمود، (1395)، «سیاست خارجی ترامپ و جمهوری اسلامی ایران»، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، زمستان 95، شماره 74.
-     یزدان فام، محمود، (1387)، راهبرد امنیت ملی آمریکا، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
 
ب- انگلیسی
-     QDR (Quadrennial Defense Review), (2014, March 04), Retrieved from U.S. Department of Defense: http://archive.defense.gov/pubs /2014_Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf.
 -     Senate Armed Services Committee, (2014, September 16), Retrieved from Testimony on U.S. Policy Towards Iraq and Syria and the Threat Posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL): https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/14-66%20-%209-16-14.pdf.
 -     The Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS, (2014, December 03), Retrieved from U.S Department of State: https://www.state.gov/s/seci/.
 -     The White House, (2014, September 10), Retrieved from FACT SHEET: Strategy to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL): https:// obamawhitehouse. archives. gov/the-press-office/ 2014/09/10/fact-sheet-strategy-counter-islamic-state-iraq-and-levant-isil.
-     U.S. Department of State. (2014, September 10), Retrieved from The Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS.
 -     (2015).OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE, Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations: U.S. Department of Defense.
 -     United States Government Accountability Office, (2016, August), Retrieved from Protection of Iraqi and Syrian Antiquities: http:// www. gao. gov/ assets/ 680/679061.pdf.
 -     U.S. Air Forces Central Command, (2017, january 31), Retrieved from Airpower Effects:Operation Inherent Resolve – destroying ISIL in Iraq & Syria: http://www.afcent.af.mil/Portals/82/Airpower%20Summary.
 -     Alami, Mona, (2017, May 4), The US fight against ISIS/Daesh: The War on Terror from Obama to Trump. Retrieved from Trends: http://trendsinstitution.org/the-us-fight-against-isisdaesh-the-war-on-terror-from-obama-to-trump/.
 -     Barnes, J., and Bowen, A, (2015), Rethinking U.S. Strategy in the Middle East, Texas: Center for the Middle East at the Baker Institute for Public Policy and the Center for the National Interest.
 -     Berger, J. M., and Jonathon Morgan, (2015), “The ISIS Twitter Consensus: Defining and Describing the Population of ISIS Supporters on Twitter”, Center For Middle East Policy at Brookings, 05 Mar. 2015. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.
 -     Blanchard, Christopher., and Humud, Carla, (2016), The Islamic State and U.S. Policy,Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
 -     Cohen, William, S, (2000), Annual Report to the President and Congress. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense.
 -     Cooper, Helene and Shear, Michael D, (2014),“Obama to Send 1,500 More Troops to Assist Iraq”, The New York Times (NYT), November 7,http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/world/middleeast/us-to-send-1500-more-troops-to iraq. html? emc= edit_ au_ 20141107& nl= afternoonupdate & nlid= 50993955.
 -     Cordesman, Anthony. H, (2014), The Air War Against the Islamic State:The Need for An “Adequacy of Resources”, Washington, D.C.: Center For Strategic & International Studies.
  -     Defense.Gov, (2016, January 28), http://www.Defense. Gov/News/Special-Report/ Inherent - Resolve.
 -     DoD, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Martin Dempsey, testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, “The President’s Request for Authori­zation to Use Force Against ISIS: Military and Diplomatic Efforts,” 3/11/2015.
 -     Elder Jr, Robert. J, (2015), “Air Force Strategy And Inherent Resolve”, Air Force Magazine, 64-67.
 -       Friedman, Thomas, (2015, April 05), Iran and the Obama Doctrine, Retrieved from the New York Times: https:// www. nytimes. com/ 2015/ 04/ 06/opinion/thomas-friedman-the-obama-doctrine-and-iran-interview.html.
 -       Fradkin, Hillel, and Libby, Lewis, (2015), ”Obama’s Real Strategy For the Islamic State,” Feb,4,2015, The American Interest.
-       Gerson, Michael, (2014, June 30), Obama’s Smaller Vision of U.S. Interests Flunks its First Test in Iraq, Retrieved from Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-obamas-smaller-vision-of-usinterests-flunks-its-first-test-in-iraq/2014/06/30/2dfb93be-0085-11e4-b8ff-89afd3fad6bd_story.html?hpid=z3.
 -       Hartzell, Caroline., & Hoddie, Matthew, (2003), “Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management”, U.S. Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 47.
 -       Humud, Carla. E., and Pirog, Robert., and Rosen, Liana, (2015), Islamic State Financing and U.S. Policy, Washington, D.C: Congressional Research Service.
 -       Katzman, Kenneth, and Blanchard, Christopher. M., and Humud, Carla. E., and Margesson, Rhoda., and Weed, C. Weed, (2015), The “Islamic State” Crisis and U.S. Policy, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
 -      Kaygan, Fredrick, & Kaygan , Kimberly, (2016), U.S. Grand Strategy :Destroying ISIS and Al-Qaede,Washington, D.C.: ISW and AEI.
 -       Layne, Chrostopher, (1997), “From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing: America's Future Grand Strategy”, International Security, 22(1), 86-124. doi:10.2307/2539331
-       Layne, Christopher, (2006), The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940s to the Present, London: Cornell University Press.
 -       Layne, Christopher, (2009), “America’s Middle East Grand Strategy after Iraq:  The Moment for Offshore Balancing has Arrived”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1.
 -       Layne, Christopher, (2012, January 27), The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing, Retrieved from national Interest: http:// nationalinterest. org/ commentary/almost-triumph-offshore-balancing-6405?page=2.
 -       Luján, Fernando, (2013), Light Footprints: Voices the Future of American Military Intervention, Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security, Retrieved from Center for a New American Security.
 -       Martel, William, (2015), Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy, New York: Cambridge.
 -       McKirdy, Euan and Starr, Barbara, (2016),“Ash Carter: U.S. sending more troops to Iraq,” CNN Politics, July 11, http://www. cnn.com/ 2016/ 07/11/ politics/ ash-carter-baghdad/index.html.
 -       McInnis, Kathleen. J, (2016), Coalition Contributions to Countering the Islamic State, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
 -       Mearsheimer, John, and Walt, Stephen. M, (2006), “The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy”, Middle East Policy, Vol. 85, No. 3.
 -       Mearsheimer, John., and Walt, Stephen. M, (2016), “The Case for Offshore Balancing: A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 95, No. 4.
 -       Mills, Claire, (2017). ISIS/Daesh: the military response in Iraq and Syria, House of Commons Library, Retrieved from, http:// researchbriefings. parliament. uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06995.
 -       Obama, Barack, (2010, June 04), “President Obama's Speech in Cairo: A New Beginning”, Retrieved from the White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog.
 -       Obama, Barack, (2014, May 25), Remarks by the President at the United States Military Academy Commencement Ceremony: U.S. Military Academy-West Point. Retrieved from The White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-andvideo/video/2014/05/28/president-obama-speaks-west-point-graduates#transcript.
 -       Ottaway, Marina, (2014), We Bomb ISIL:Then What?, Washington, D.C: Wilson Center.
 -       Perry, Charles M, and Andersen, Bobby, (2014), Managing the Global Impact of Americas Rebalance to Asia, Washington, D.C: The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis.
 -       Pollack, Kenneth, (2015), U.S. Policy Towards a Turbulent Middle East, Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution.
 -       President of The Unidted States, (2015), National Security Strategy, Washington, D.C.: The Whitehouse.
 -       President of The Unidted States, (2017), National Security Strategu of the United States of America, Washington, D.C: The Whitehouse.
 -       Rampton, Roberta, (2016),“Obama Sends more Special Forces to Syria in Fight against IS”, Reuters, April 26, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-syria-idUSKCN0XL0ZE.
 -       Raymond, Derek, J, (2015), Combating Daesh: A Socially Unconventional Strategy, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
 -       Shanker, Tom, and Cooper, Helena, (2014, February 23), “Pentagon Plans to Shrink Army to Pre-World War II Level”, Retrieved from the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/24/us/politics/pentagon-plans-to-shrink-army-topre-world-war-ii-level.html.
 -       The White House, (2014), Statement by the President on ISIL”, Washington, September 10, https:// www.    whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/ 2014/ 09/10/ statement-president-isil-1.
 -       Tierney, Dominic, (2012), The Obama Doctrine And The Lessons Of Iraq, Washington, D.C.: Foreign Policy Research Institute.
 -       White House, (2014), Fiscal Year 2015 Budget amendment, 11/10/2014, www.whitehouse.gov/ sites / default/files/omb/assets/budget_amendments/amend­ment_11_10_14.pdf, accessed 3/31/2015.