International Relations
Seyed jalal Dehghani Firozabadi; Saeed Chehrazad
Abstract
IntroductionSome governments and organizations are preparing to exploit artificial intelligence (AI) in order to destabilize the world and benefit from numerous cyber-attacks. The rapid advancement of AI enables cybercriminals to amplify their destructive impact worldwide, as AI has the potential to ...
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IntroductionSome governments and organizations are preparing to exploit artificial intelligence (AI) in order to destabilize the world and benefit from numerous cyber-attacks. The rapid advancement of AI enables cybercriminals to amplify their destructive impact worldwide, as AI has the potential to reshape and disrupt global conditions in the coming years. The primary objective of this research was to establish a comprehensive framework for critically evaluating the role of AI in facilitating unethical practices within the realm of security, both in theory and in practice. To lay the groundwork for the practical implementation of national security measures based on grounded theory requires adopting a problem-oriented perspective on terrorism, warfare, and conflict. A strategic instance of this approach is the concept of algorithmic national security which has the potential for creating and developing a new security order. This article aimed to contribute to the existing body of scientific literature, as there is currently a dearth of research in this field, thereby paving the way for future investigations. The primary objective of this research was to establish a comprehensive framework for critically evaluating the role of AI in facilitating unethical practices within the realm of security, both in theory and in practice. The present research aimed to develop a comprehensive framework for the critical evaluation of the role of AI in the unethical utilization of its functions in security matters, both in theory and in practice. In this line, the main question is: How can national security topics be problematized in light of AI hegemony and within the framework of terrorism, war, conflict, and defense?Materials and MethodsAdopting a descriptive–analytical approach, the present research relied on library research and documentary method to collect the data from various printed and electronic sources, including websites and magazines. Note-taking was used as a tool in data collection stage. In this study, AI and national security were considered as the independent and dependent variables, respectively.Results and DiscussionThe debate surrounding the use of AI and its autonomy on future battlefields has predominantly centered on the ethical implications of granting complete authority to independent and autonomous weapons, often referred to as killer robots, capable of making life or death decisions. Is it truly feasible for these systems to operate without any human intervention, or does their deployment potentially violate the principles of warfare and international humanitarian laws? Avoiding such a predicament necessitates that those involved in warfare differentiate between combatants and civilians on the battlefield, prioritizing the preservation of civilian lives and minimizing harm to them to the greatest extent possible.Proponents of this emerging technology argue that machines will eventually possess enough intelligence to distinguish themselves from humans. Conversely, opponents maintain that machines will never possess the capability to make such a fundamental distinction. They argue that machines lack the capacity to make split-second decisions in the heat of war or exhibit timely empathy. In response to these concerns, several human rights and humanitarian organizations have launched the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, aiming to establish an international ban on the development and deployment of fully automated and autonomous weapon systems. In the meantime, a highly contentious debate is unfolding within the military sphere regarding the use of AI in the command and control systems governing how senior officers convey essential orders to their subordinate soldiers. Throughout history, generals and admirals have consistently sought to enhance the reliability of command and control systems to ensure the fullest realization of their strategic objectives.Nowadays, these systems are heavily relied upon to ensure the security of radio and satellite communication systems that connect headquarters to the front lines. However, strategists are concerned that in a future hyper-warfare environment, these systems could be vulnerable to disruptions caused by jamming, which would make the speed of military operations exceed commanders’ limited ability to receive battlefield reports, process data, and issue timely orders. It is important to go beyond these concerns and consider the practical definition of the uncertain fog of war, which is further complicated by the multiplication effect of AI and the potential for failure. Many military officers see a solution to this dilemma in relinquishing the control of machines to these systems. As stated in a report by the Congressional Research Service, AI algorithms can offer more reliable tools for real-time analysis of the battlefield and enable faster decision-making, thus being able to stay updated.ConclusionWe are currently witnessing a turning point in technology. The pace of advancements in AI is surpassing even the expert predictions. These breakthroughs offer significant advantages to humanity, enabling AI systems to tackle complex issues in medicine, the environment, and other fields. However, along with progress, there are also accompanying risks. The implications of AI for national security are becoming increasingly profound with each passing year. In this article, the aim was to assess the extent of these consequences in the years ahead. The findings indicate that AI is likely to highlight several, if not all, of the most challenging aspects of transformative military technologies. It thus becomes increasingly crucial to address its implications in examining how policymakers in the realm of national security respond to this technology.Unfortunately, AI carries the potential for risks comparable to those posed by previous technologies, and in some cases, its impact could be even more devastating, owing to the rapid pace of technological advancement and the intricate relationship between government and industry in the present era. While we appreciate the increasing number of high-quality AI reports published in recent years, we acknowledge that a certain degree of conservatism has somewhat impeded comprehensive analysis. In this article, the objective was to provide an honest description of the AI revolution as truly revolutionary rather than merely different. To address this challenge effectively, governments must approach the issue with ambition, emphasizing both research and development while considering its ramifications.The advancement of AI technology in the military, information technology, cybersecurity, and economic sectors over the next decade will lead to profound transformations worldwide. These changes are occurring at a faster pace than anticipated, and undoubtedly, they will present their own set of challenges, with implications extending to various aspects, including national security. AI introduces a level of complexity in the interactions between states, industries, and individuals, necessitating the deployment of skilled experts to respond quickly and effectively to the evolving landscape shaped by this phenomenon.
Reza Khalili; Ghadir Nasri; Salman Dastafshan
Abstract
In this research, the factors and bases of tendency to Takfiri groups are examined and empirically tested in the southern regions of Kerman province. The research method for collecting data is quantitative in which questionnaire is used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the ...
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In this research, the factors and bases of tendency to Takfiri groups are examined and empirically tested in the southern regions of Kerman province. The research method for collecting data is quantitative in which questionnaire is used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the study consists the citizens of southern regions of Kerman province. The sample size is 384 people using the Cochran formula and the sampling method is randomized population size. The research data are analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics based on SPSS statistical software. The research hypothesis is that synchronization and synergy of the effects of individual, national and transnational factors and bases have increased the tendency to Takfiri groups in the south of Kerman. The findings of the research show that, while there is difference between the individual, national and transnational level factors and bases, there is a positive and significant relationship between those and tendency to Takfiri groups in south of Kerman. The results of regression analysis show that the national level factors have the most significant effect on the tendency to Takfiri groups, and the transnational and individual level factors and bases are in the next category.
mohammadjavad fathi; gafari zahed
Abstract
The analytical and critical recognition of the place of Jihad's component in ISIS's intellectual and political behavior form the core of the paper. It has been attempted to answer the fundamental question based on the qualitative methodology of historical analysis and documentation and the means of pinpointing ...
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The analytical and critical recognition of the place of Jihad's component in ISIS's intellectual and political behavior form the core of the paper. It has been attempted to answer the fundamental question based on the qualitative methodology of historical analysis and documentation and the means of pinpointing which component of jihad is in ISIS's intellectual and political behavior. The findings of the paper show that such as denial of defensive jihad and the emphasis on Jihad Fatah, placing jihad under the principles of religion, customary and individualizing jihad, expanding the scope of jihad inclusion, ignoring the rules of Jihad and emphasizing on total violence and new innovations in Jihad, such as jihad marriage, medicine, children, and cyber-media jihad constitute the basic components of the Islamic State's view of jihad. From the perspective of ISIL, jihad has become conceptualized and used as an instrumental means, and the result of their false and distorted religious views has been manifested in the form of a heinous and brutal act.
mostafa delavarpour Aghdam; Seyed Jalal Deghani Firoozabadi
Abstract
Containment of Iran's nuclear, missile and space programs, Iranian regional movements to fight Takfiri terrorism, U.S. dual interpretation of Terrorism and human rights, increasing AIPAC regime lobbying in U.S. Congress and Iran's support for the region's liberation movements, have prompted U.S. Congressional ...
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Containment of Iran's nuclear, missile and space programs, Iranian regional movements to fight Takfiri terrorism, U.S. dual interpretation of Terrorism and human rights, increasing AIPAC regime lobbying in U.S. Congress and Iran's support for the region's liberation movements, have prompted U.S. Congressional legislators to take steps towards ratification of comprehensive sanctions against Iran before JCPOA.
Improving the economic and livelihoods and Iran phobia defeating through reducing sanctions pressure, was the most important priority of the Islamic Republic of Iran in accepting JCPOA. For this reason, Congressional post-JCPOA sanctions against Iran has focused toward making inefficient of economic, commercial and banking diplomacy, weakening missile power of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Engineering of regional arrangements through the accumulating, intelligent and aggregating of non-nuclear sanctions.
The most important innovation of this research is that using descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information through documentary and library studies, in addition to the comparison of the sanctions policies of the congresses in the pre and post-JCPOA, it has suggested ways to counter coercive diplomacy of U.S. congress.
Hossein Khani
Abstract
Growth of neo-Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon Which has grown increasingly in the Middle East and has influenced several countries, Indicates a new chapter in security issues in the area. Accordingly, the main question of this article is that In the light of ISIS threats in recent years, ...
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Growth of neo-Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon Which has grown increasingly in the Middle East and has influenced several countries, Indicates a new chapter in security issues in the area. Accordingly, the main question of this article is that In the light of ISIS threats in recent years, what is the regional security vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the paper shows that due to the continuation of the drivers of these threats, Iran's regional security lies in a confrontation with the Salafist-Takfiri flow. The present paper, using qualitative methodology, and the bibliographic-descriptive technique divides into two parts. The first section examines research texts related to the emergence of ISIS and its impact on regional security in the Islamic Republic of Iran And the second part also seeks to provide an analytical framework based on the presence and continuity of critical factors (drivers) of crisis Which recognizes them provides a perspective on regional security for the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
The development of information and communication technology, including the Internet and derivatives of this powerful software, defined within the concept of cyberspace, is the formation of a series of communications between social groups different from the distance Far away in the real world, which has ...
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The development of information and communication technology, including the Internet and derivatives of this powerful software, defined within the concept of cyberspace, is the formation of a series of communications between social groups different from the distance Far away in the real world, which has brought new opportunities and threats to the hands of governments. For example, terrorist activities are among the new threats that cyberspace has created. The present paper, by presenting a geopolitical analysis, attempts to answer the question of how cyberspace plays a role in expanding the range of terrorist activities from local to global scales with emphasis on ISIS. To answer this question, the present research was conducted with purposeful and descriptive-analytic method and library method was used to collect information. Finally, the result was that the use of cyberspace by the ISIS terrorist group, which has the most extensive and fastest applications of this technology over the years 2011 to 2016, has made the level of this new geopolitical actor change from local to transnational, and the scale of influence This unconventional actor in the geopolitical arena will expand from local to sub-national, transnational, and global.
Abstract
After World War II, world order was based on two basic principles of thought and value and a practical basis (military and political). The first was the claim of the supremacy and value of the West and its consolidation on other nations. The second point was the issue of political and military capabilities. ...
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After World War II, world order was based on two basic principles of thought and value and a practical basis (military and political). The first was the claim of the supremacy and value of the West and its consolidation on other nations. The second point was the issue of political and military capabilities. If nations or governments were not affected by that system of value and thought and did not surrender, they were forced to accompany by political and military pressures.Both factors are changing today; the most important reason is the intellectual and practical conflicts of the domination system.
This research focuses on the views of the Iranian leader about the system of domination and its conflicts, the main question is: What are the conflicts of domination system in international relations in practical termswith the theoretical field, in the discourse of Ayatollah Khamenei? "Results of the study indicate the contradictions of the dominant system in theory and practiceon issues like human rights, terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and democracy. In discourse of Iranian leader, these contradictions revealed the vulnerability of the domination systemand it will facilitate the process of collapse.
Abstract
Recent developments in Arabic and Middle Eastern countries, particularly Iraq and Syria have caused a sensitive and critical status in this area. U.S global hegemony continued to provoke terrorism and other terrorist outfits. Meanwhile the rise of new emergency terrorist group such as ISIS have destabilized ...
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Recent developments in Arabic and Middle Eastern countries, particularly Iraq and Syria have caused a sensitive and critical status in this area. U.S global hegemony continued to provoke terrorism and other terrorist outfits. Meanwhile the rise of new emergency terrorist group such as ISIS have destabilized the Middle East and entrenched the region as the major source of global terror. Even the more stable states, such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia, display strong terrorist tendencies and support radical groups that engage in terrorism. Therefore, several major developments in the Middle East will keep the region a wellspring of terror and a source of inspiration for radicals for the foreseeable future. According this article terrorism tries to weak the regional power of Iran since our analysis has shown that Iran is the only country in the region that fights really against the terrorism. This article by using descriptive & analytical methods which based on theoretical teachings of international relations studies will show that terrorism and terrorist groups are the serious threats for national interesting of Islamic republic of Iran, by arguing that some of the stable countries in the region in all its manifestations breed terrorism.
Yaasoub Asghari Niari
Abstract
Political violence is one of the social deficiencies which causes disorder and have been politician’s core of concentration. The present study examines the structural factors affecting the political orientation of violent behaviors among citizens of Zahedan. The ethnic-tribal issues have paved ...
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Political violence is one of the social deficiencies which causes disorder and have been politician’s core of concentration. The present study examines the structural factors affecting the political orientation of violent behaviors among citizens of Zahedan. The ethnic-tribal issues have paved the way for insecurity and instability in the region. The cultural, ethnic, and religious similarity of the region to Afghanistan and Pakistan, as two troubled countries, has led to increased violence. The methodology used in this study is a survey method and data collected through questionnaires. The research population consisted of all the citizens of the city of Zahedan, a sample size of 384 were selected by cluster sampling. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between the sense of structural constraints and violent behaviors among citizens. Moreover, the sociological factors such as relative deprivation, tribalism, drug trafficking, foreign inhabitants, and foreign involvement in strengthening terrorist groups caused increased violence in this region.
Majid Abbasi; Jabbar Khoda Doost
Volume 4, Issue 13 , October 2015, , Pages 169-196
Abstract
After the end of the cold war and collapsing of the bipolar system, Germany has made significant changes in its foreign and security policy and has made itself ready to have an influential presence for international peace and security Preservation. This includes presence of German troops in Afghanistan ...
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After the end of the cold war and collapsing of the bipolar system, Germany has made significant changes in its foreign and security policy and has made itself ready to have an influential presence for international peace and security Preservation. This includes presence of German troops in Afghanistan after 11th of September 2001attacks and the overthrow of Taliban. Now the question is that what role Germany has played for establishing and Preservation of peace and security in Afghanistan? The results in this study indicate, despite the fact that the presence and active engagement of German troops in Afghanistan under NATO and ISAF has not succeeded in eradicating terrorism, but has enabled Afghan government in good governance, in reconstructing socio- economic structures as well as bringing partial peace in this Country.
hossein khani
Volume 3, Issue 8 , December 2014, , Pages 9-30
Abstract
Abstract With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and Adoption of "Exportation of Revolution" Approach, Iran's foreign policy objectives were outlined three types of goals, including "due to the nature of the nation - state", " Arising from the ideological nature of the political system" ...
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Abstract With the victory of the Islamic Revolution and Adoption of "Exportation of Revolution" Approach, Iran's foreign policy objectives were outlined three types of goals, including "due to the nature of the nation - state", " Arising from the ideological nature of the political system" and " Based on the religious nature of the system". Imposed by the war and the events of September 11, we are onlooker the formation of two doctrines: "Umm Al-Qura" and "increasing engagement" in Iran's foreign policy. In this paper, we have tried to answer the question how to approach the "Exportation of Revolution" with trends Ummah standard oriented has been manifested? Accordingly, the paper's hypothesis Claims "the Islamic Republic's foreign policy is influenced by environmental conditions (regional and international) to preserve the ideals of realism and pragmatism inclined and yet it the vehicle has the right to achieve their ideals". Accordingly, we evaluated "doctrine Umm Al-Qura" and "increasing engagement" which have dealt with Iranian partnership with international institutions, and by means of the two principles of "justice" and "fair peace", its confrontation with threats and hidden and half hidden violence of September 11 aftermath.
Ali Ashraf Nazari; Aboozar Behzadi
Volume 2, Issue 5 , June 2013, , Pages 75-99
Abstract
Asymmetric conflicts can be described as changes in the passage of timewhich are way different with traditional wars. this paper reviews the natureand extent of asymmetric conflicts such as political violence. The keyquestion is:to what extent political violence can be seen in the context ofasymmetric ...
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Asymmetric conflicts can be described as changes in the passage of timewhich are way different with traditional wars. this paper reviews the natureand extent of asymmetric conflicts such as political violence. The keyquestion is:to what extent political violence can be seen in the context ofasymmetric conflicts, and what mechanisms are needed to address theseconflicts? Far from a reductionist attitude,a set of solutions proposed inorder to reduce these conflicts
