Political Sociology
Akbar Zolfaghari; Taha Ashayeri; Tahereh Jahanparvar
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to combine the findings of qualitative and quantitative research on the obstacles to women's political participation in Iran.The research method is a Meta synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies in the period of 2007-2021 with a non-probability deliberate ...
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The purpose of this research is to combine the findings of qualitative and quantitative research on the obstacles to women's political participation in Iran.The research method is a Meta synthesis of quantitative and qualitative studies in the period of 2007-2021 with a non-probability deliberate method; the sample size is equal to 23 research documents. These documents were selected according to the credibility and validity of the research, the quality of the research, the scientific-research criteria, and the relationship with the obstacles to women's political participation. The research findings show that the main obstacles to women's political participation in Iran are divided into six categories: social, cultural, political, economic, psychological and demographic obstacles; that, social barriers including the male atmosphere of society, social discrimination: genderization of jobs; Cultural barriers such as tradition and cultural norms, educational system, tribal-patriarchal patterns; Political obstacles include political obstruction, political beliefs, male political dominance, low political culture; Economic obstacles including economic inequality, economic anomie, financial dependence; And psychological obstacles include low self-confidence, psychological beliefs, feeling of psychological anomie) and demographic (climate, location, family, physiological. The political participation of women as a large part of the country's population leads to the improvement of the decision-making situation,
Iranian Domestic Policy
Mohammadnabi Aghataghi; Ahmad Bakshaish Ardestani; Sosan Safaverdi
Abstract
Introduction In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more ...
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Introduction In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more necessary to have such a favorable scenario. Based on the significance of customer retention, this approach maintains that a party can win if it secures the largest market share while minimizing customer attrition. It seems to be an essential approach given the nature of political marketing characterized by the intense competition among political parties, the unavoidable impact of social media, the uncertainty about fulfilling campaign promises, and the risky nature of political transactions (cash vs. credit imbalance) —all of which can contribute to the vulnerability of political marketing, hence a declining trend in the voter turnout. Relationship marketing, as a modern marketing technique, can help political activists to mitigate these challenges, offering effective solutions to minimize campaign costs and increase the likelihood of success in elections. Political relationship marketing has been the subject of inquiry in several studies (e.g., Afjeh’i & Khademi-Garashi, 2016; Talari & Mousavi-Shafaei, 2015). Rizan et al. (2014) delved into the impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty.A declining trend in the number of electoral votes is one of the challenges faced by political parties in Iran. The issue appears to be rooted in their marketing strategies. In fact, political marketing strategies can potentially present a persuasively alluring image of the candidate’s integrity and virtue while covering up their flaws. Consequently, the politician who has been getting promoted is often perceived as an ideal figure. In most cases, voters may not understand the techniques used in campaigns, succumbing to the persuasive tactics employed by the candidate and thus increasing the likelihood of making a mistake in their choice and experiencing early regret. In fact, insufficient knowledge about the candidate or party contributes to such mistakes on the part of voters. Moreover, the inability to retain voters, driven by factors such as a loss of trust and unfulfilled promises, can result in costly and sometimes irreparable damages to political parties. Considering the drawbacks of short-term marketing in the political arena for those involved and the political parties’ desire for sustained power, relationship marketing seems to be a suitable approach to address the shortcomings without compromising market share, fulfill political parties’ electoral aspirations (e.g., frequent wins), and to ensure that voters get to know candidates and political parties adequately and accurately. In this line, the present research investigates the influential factors in political relationship marketing, addressing the following questions: Can relationship marketing help overcome the challenges in political elections? And what factors are influential in establishing and maintaining the relationship?Materials and MethodsThere are numerous factors behind party wins in the electoral market. However, according to the theoretical framework of this research, establishing and maintaining a robust relationship between parties and voters, leading to voter loyalty, plays a pivotal role in the electoral success of political parties. Relying on a multi-stage conceptual model, the present study aimed to investigate the connection between relationship marketing and the success of parties in the political market and electoral contests. The study is located within the intersection of political science and marketing management. As an applied research involving field work, it adopted a descriptive–survey, correlation-based approach to investigate the research questions. First, the analysis focused on the effect of relationship marketing variables (i.e., commitment, fulfillment of promises, communication, competence, and trust) on satisfaction. The second step involved examination of the effect of satisfaction on voter loyalty. Finally, the research explored the correlation between loyalty, recommendations to others, and revoting, as influential factors contributing to the success of political parties. In the data analysis, the Pearson coefficient and the correlation coefficient were used to understand the relationships between the research variables.Results and Discussion The research findings indicated a significantly direct correlation between relationship marketing principles and voter satisfaction. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that these principles can predict satisfaction. There was also a significant relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, as well as between loyalty and both revoting and recommendation to others. Finally, a significant relationship was observed between success and revoting and recommendation to others.ConclusionThe research results confirm that the success of political parties hinges on both retaining existing voters and attracting new ones. This process involves distinct stages: generating satisfaction by applying relationship marketing principles, enhancing and transforming satisfaction into loyalty and fandom through the practical implementation of the principles, adopting fan-driven marketing as a result of the loyalty cultivated, and finally giving recommendations to others. The first and second stages are executed through strategic planning and initiatives of strategists, along with the genuine and reassuring conduct of candidates and party executive agents. The third and fourth stages, on the other hand, rely on the active participation of party loyalists and supporters. Furthermore, two practical methods can be employed to attract new voters: direct and indirect recruitment. In the direct recruitment, the party itself leverages relationship marketing principles to draw in a collective of voters. In contrast, the indirect recruitment is facilitated by party loyalists and supporters—mostly represented by previous voters—and their efforts to embark on fan-driven marketing and give recommendations to other voters.
Gholamreza khajehsarvy; Mohammadbager khorramshad; abbas rahbar; Seyed Zakaria Mahmoodi Raja
Abstract
In heterogeneous cultural-religious systems, recognizing the variables affecting citizens' voting behavior and political participation is vital for good policy-making and management. The issue of research is the analysis of the factors influencing the Turkmen people to vote for the discourse of moderation ...
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In heterogeneous cultural-religious systems, recognizing the variables affecting citizens' voting behavior and political participation is vital for good policy-making and management. The issue of research is the analysis of the factors influencing the Turkmen people to vote for the discourse of moderation in the twelfth presidential election. This research was descriptive in terms of orientation, application and type of research and the survey method was used. The statistical population is the citizens of Turkmen ethnic group in Golestan and 344 people were randomly selected as the statistical sample. Reliability and validity of the research instrument were measured using factor load coefficient, combined reliability, Cronbach's alpha, convergent validity and divergent validity. The data were analyzed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software. One-sample t-test and Friedman test were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings show that candidate personality traits, electoral expectations, influence of political-religious trustees, closeness to religious-ethnic ideologies, regional developments in the region and virtual networks had the greatest impact on the Turkmen people's vote for moderation in the twelfth presidential election. The findings of the ranking also show, respectively, election expectations, closeness to religious ideologies, historical factors, global-regional developments, the influence of political-religious trustees, candidate personality traits and virtual networks play the most important role in the tendency of the Turkmen people to the discourse of moderate.
Amir masoud Shahram niya; Jamil Milani; Javad Karami rad
Abstract
Political participation is one of the most complex problems of modern society, yet popular participation Hvz•hHay era. In this study, the tenth presidential election in Iran as one of the most important aspects of political participation or better NHa in the country, according to the electoral ...
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Political participation is one of the most complex problems of modern society, yet popular participation Hvz•hHay era. In this study, the tenth presidential election in Iran as one of the most important aspects of political participation or better NHa in the country, according to the electoral behavior of these approaches lie in the areas studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of economic policies and the victory of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in televised debates. The other hypothesis of the present study, the relationship between television debates and voters tend to Mr Ahmadi-Nejad points. This is the Joulgah part of the province's the presidential election. This paper presents a theoretical framework and political economy theory is the dominant ideology. Results of this study suggest that the economic policies AhmdyNzhad and television debates on the one hand and on the other hand There is a victory. BhGvnhAy the data are the data also confirmed this. The results show that the impact of televised debates attracted a lot of votes to be elected president. Results of this study suggest that the economic policies AhmdyNzhad and television debates on the one hand and on the other hand There is a victory.
