Majid Sharafkhani; Rahmat Hajimineh; Mohammad Reza Dehshiri
Abstract
From the time of mercantilism onwards, international trade has always been an arena of geopolitical rivalry, and the unipolar international order that emerged after the end of the cold war essentially created a special security architecture in the strategic Middle East so that it could maintain its status ...
Read More
From the time of mercantilism onwards, international trade has always been an arena of geopolitical rivalry, and the unipolar international order that emerged after the end of the cold war essentially created a special security architecture in the strategic Middle East so that it could maintain its status quo. Powers inevitably have to choose between two options to work within the framework or to challenge it. This paper examines the competition between the US and china in the form of strategic hedging and under the global value chain structure. The authors will seek to answer the question: What is china's middle east economic strategy in competition with the US? The research hypothesis is that China's middle East economic strategy in competing with the US is targeted influence through the most effective sections of the international value chain. The research findings are based on its explanatory-analytical method, that in the Middle East look, China according to the United States' efforts to build a unified trade front to counter Beijing's state-owned capitalism and in order to reduce its energy security risk, has focused on technology security at targeting growth in the value chain hierarchy and gaining a foothold at its highest levels.
mahdieh heydari; Morteza Noormohammadi
Abstract
The main question is why, at the same time as the outbreak of Covid-19 in the Middle East, military conflicts have become more persistent and intense? The research hypothesis is that the outbreak of Covid-19, and the involvement of regional governments in the Corona virus and efforts to contain and combat ...
Read More
The main question is why, at the same time as the outbreak of Covid-19 in the Middle East, military conflicts have become more persistent and intense? The research hypothesis is that the outbreak of Covid-19, and the involvement of regional governments in the Corona virus and efforts to contain and combat it, have led to disruptions and a security vacuum, so that the groups involved decided to take this opportunity to take advantage of this security vacuum. The study concludes that governments' perceptions of security threats and the type of threats in the Middle East are still based on military threats, and the spread of the Corona virus has not changed that perception. Hence, the perception of a common threat from Covid-19, which requires the cooperation and joint efforts of governments and stakeholders to contain and counter it; which does not exist in the Middle East. The method of collecting materials and data in this research is based on the library and documentary method and also the research method is based on descriptive-analytical research method.
behrooz namdari; Kayhan Barzegar
Abstract
This article examines the role of unconventional oil resources on the internal structure and decisions taken by OPEC. The way members of OPEC are interacting shows that new shale oil resources influence the mutual behavior and decision making of the OPEC.
Since the position and power of this international ...
Read More
This article examines the role of unconventional oil resources on the internal structure and decisions taken by OPEC. The way members of OPEC are interacting shows that new shale oil resources influence the mutual behavior and decision making of the OPEC.
Since the position and power of this international organization has always been influenced by its structural disagreements and production from the unconventional resources of oil, which its majority part is out of territory of OPEC members, Could end in depending differences inside the organization or it will repair them, any majority changes in the OPEC’s impact on the global economy, may influence it’s total existence.
This research by using historical variables of differences within the OPEC and its adaptation with future quantity scenarios of the oil production from the conventional and unconventional sources comes to the conclusion that entry and continuity of the shale oil variable into the international energy market at the same time, could be the element for the continuity and strength of opec organization or may cause breakdown of this organization after several decades of its activity in the world energy market.
این مقاله به بررسی نقش منابع غیرمتعارف نفت بر ساختار درونی و تصمیم‌گیری‌های سازمان اوپک می‌پردازد. نحوه تعامل اعضا در سازمان اوپک نشان می‌دهد که منابع جدید نفت شیل نحوه رفتار متقابل و تصمیم‌گیری درون این سازمان را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. از آنجا که جایگاه و قدرت این سازمان بین‌المللی، همواره تحت تأثیر اختلافات ساختاری درون این سازمان بوده است و تولید از منابع نامتعارف نفت که قسمت عمده آن در خارج از حوزه سرزمینی اعضای اوپک است، می‌تواند به تعمیق اختلافات در درون این سازمان و یا ترمیم آنها بینجامد، هرگونه تغییر اساسی در میزان تأثیرگذاری اوپک در اقتصاد جهانی می‌تواند کلیت وجودی آن را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. این نوشتار با استفاده از متغیر تاریخی اختلافات درون سازمان اوپک و انطباق آن با سناریوهای کمی آتی تولید نفت از منابع متعارف و غیرمتعارف به این نتیجه می‌رسد که ورود و تداوم متغیر نفت شیل به بازار بین‌المللی انرژی، همزمان می‌تواند عامل تداوم و استحکام سازمان اوپک و یا از هم‌گسیختگی این سازمان بین‌المللی بعد از چندین دهه فعالیت در بازار انرژی جهانی شود.
Hossein Khani
Abstract
Growth of neo-Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon Which has grown increasingly in the Middle East and has influenced several countries, Indicates a new chapter in security issues in the area. Accordingly, the main question of this article is that In the light of ISIS threats in recent years, ...
Read More
Growth of neo-Salafism and the emergence of the ISIS phenomenon Which has grown increasingly in the Middle East and has influenced several countries, Indicates a new chapter in security issues in the area. Accordingly, the main question of this article is that In the light of ISIS threats in recent years, what is the regional security vision of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The hypothesis of the paper shows that due to the continuation of the drivers of these threats, Iran's regional security lies in a confrontation with the Salafist-Takfiri flow. The present paper, using qualitative methodology, and the bibliographic-descriptive technique divides into two parts. The first section examines research texts related to the emergence of ISIS and its impact on regional security in the Islamic Republic of Iran And the second part also seeks to provide an analytical framework based on the presence and continuity of critical factors (drivers) of crisis Which recognizes them provides a perspective on regional security for the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
Recent developments in Arabic and Middle Eastern countries, particularly Iraq and Syria have caused a sensitive and critical status in this area. U.S global hegemony continued to provoke terrorism and other terrorist outfits. Meanwhile the rise of new emergency terrorist group such as ISIS have destabilized ...
Read More
Recent developments in Arabic and Middle Eastern countries, particularly Iraq and Syria have caused a sensitive and critical status in this area. U.S global hegemony continued to provoke terrorism and other terrorist outfits. Meanwhile the rise of new emergency terrorist group such as ISIS have destabilized the Middle East and entrenched the region as the major source of global terror. Even the more stable states, such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia, display strong terrorist tendencies and support radical groups that engage in terrorism. Therefore, several major developments in the Middle East will keep the region a wellspring of terror and a source of inspiration for radicals for the foreseeable future. According this article terrorism tries to weak the regional power of Iran since our analysis has shown that Iran is the only country in the region that fights really against the terrorism. This article by using descriptive & analytical methods which based on theoretical teachings of international relations studies will show that terrorism and terrorist groups are the serious threats for national interesting of Islamic republic of Iran, by arguing that some of the stable countries in the region in all its manifestations breed terrorism.
Abstract
One of the the most important issues in middle east and contemporary turkey is the study of stability and threat factors of democracy. Among the other countries of middle east, turkey has long-term experience in democracy. A glance to the country show turkey s democracy has fluctuating matter. In the ...
Read More
One of the the most important issues in middle east and contemporary turkey is the study of stability and threat factors of democracy. Among the other countries of middle east, turkey has long-term experience in democracy. A glance to the country show turkey s democracy has fluctuating matter. In the other words, democracy in turkey as a form of government and a kind of relations between society and the government have face threat and stability factors simultaneously. The main goal of the article is evaluating causes of the issue. the article argues some variables such as turkey s constitution amendments, party system and trying to accession to EU (stability variables) and ethnic threats, religious minorities challenges and the military interventions (threat stability) have influenced turkey s democracy. to evaluate the hypothesis, the article has some sections such as theoretical framework with emphasis on stability and threat factors, historical approach to democracy trends in turkey and evaluation of threat-stability variables in turkey’s democracy.
Hossein Salimi; Hamidreza Akbari
Abstract
Political Islam is one of the most influential discourses in the Middle East and the Islamic world and has a significant role at the global level. In the last century, when social and political demands in the Middle East and the Islamic world reached to critically boundaries, these discourses played ...
Read More
Political Islam is one of the most influential discourses in the Middle East and the Islamic world and has a significant role at the global level. In the last century, when social and political demands in the Middle East and the Islamic world reached to critically boundaries, these discourses played a powerful alternative role in social, political and security sphere. Of course, in the secular and Western approach this role has been accompanied with violence and conflict due to the contrast with the global order and the structure of the international system. Thus, many experts have described this discourse as a negative and disruptive factor in the regional and global order.
In this study, we tried to formulate this discourse in the international system and the Middle East; it includes the following three major components: "The historical, identical and epistemological factors”. It is tried to answer this question that: what are the bases for political Islam’s actions in terms of epistemic assumption in the political system and international arena?
Abstract
Before the emergence of ISIS, there was an idea that the danger of Neosalafism is limited in the Middle East but it is accepted that this kind of fundamentalism threatens international security. The growing number of European citizens joining Neosalafist groups such as ISIS shows that Europe is confronting ...
Read More
Before the emergence of ISIS, there was an idea that the danger of Neosalafism is limited in the Middle East but it is accepted that this kind of fundamentalism threatens international security. The growing number of European citizens joining Neosalafist groups such as ISIS shows that Europe is confronting one of the most important security dilemmas after World War II. What are the most important reasons of joining the European young people to Neosalafist groups? What are the main security consequences of this phenomenon in Europe? On the basis of Casstell's theory, the process of “identity making project" in Europe could not attract European Muslims and led to creation of “identity resistance" in European Muslims and expansion on Neosalafism. The aim of this article is to examine the reasons of the Neosalafism expansion in Europe and security consequences of this expansion in the European society.
abozar gohari moghadam
Abstract
will be translatedTurkish foreign policy has gone through important changes since its establishment due to changing internal and international conditions. Even though its major orientation remained the same as well as its basic principles, the transformation of the global balance of power had important ...
Read More
will be translatedTurkish foreign policy has gone through important changes since its establishment due to changing internal and international conditions. Even though its major orientation remained the same as well as its basic principles, the transformation of the global balance of power had important impacts over the Turkish diplomacy. In the last decade, marked by the outcome of the September 11 attacks in the international level and the AK Party rule in Turkey, the latter has taken important foreign policy decisions, which are mainly influenced by Ahmet Davutoğlu’s geopolitical approach, on how to deal with the new issues of the international scene. These can be seen both a continuation of Turkey’s traditional diplomacy line and a new vision implemented to better serve Turkey’s national interests.will be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translatedwill be translated will be translated
Seyd Amir Niakoee; Ali Asghar Sotodeh
Volume 4, Issue 15 , March 2016, , Pages 153-177
Abstract
Middle East is a region in which conflict and disintegration is much more prevalent than integration and cooperation. Meanwhile, current civil wars in Iraq and Syria have effected regional security complex in the region. The purpose of the this paper is to examine the effects of civil wars in Iraq and ...
Read More
Middle East is a region in which conflict and disintegration is much more prevalent than integration and cooperation. Meanwhile, current civil wars in Iraq and Syria have effected regional security complex in the region. The purpose of the this paper is to examine the effects of civil wars in Iraq and Syria on maturity of Middle East security complex. The findings of the paper illustrate that the civil wars in Iraq and Syria have led to the formation of a larger subset including the subset of the Persian Gulf and Aramaea. These conflicts have led to the reinforcement of pattern of conflict between Iran and Sunni regimes of the Persian Gulf especially Saudi Arabia. However, a competition between Sunni regimes of the region has complicated the security complex of Middle East. Moreover, these developments have marginalized the conflicts between Israel and Arabs and have led to an ideological transition into Islamic intra discursive conflict. The methodology of the present paper is descriptive analytical.
Ali Reza Samiei Esfahani; Mohsen Shfiei Seif Abadi
Volume 4, Issue 14 , December 2015, , Pages 199-227
Abstract
The following article is orchestrated on the basis of scenario-basedprocessing as one of the main methods of future study. It tries to answer thismain question that “what would be the probable direction of the Salafijihadist groups such as Al-Nusra Front and Islamic state of Iraq and Syria(ISSI) ...
Read More
The following article is orchestrated on the basis of scenario-basedprocessing as one of the main methods of future study. It tries to answer thismain question that “what would be the probable direction of the Salafijihadist groups such as Al-Nusra Front and Islamic state of Iraq and Syria(ISSI) in the Middle East? It seems that five scenarios can be anticipated inthree categories: A) Favorable scenario: 1) the final destruction of TakfirijihadiIslamists and democratically distribution of power under theceremonial leadership of Bashar al-Assad 2) suppression of takfiri groupsand ruling of the Islamic Republic, instead of the Arabic Republic of Syriaand Iraq. B) Probable scenario: 1) the elimination of Da’ash anddistribution of power between Kurds, Shiites and Sunnite in Syria 2)Breakup of Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan's independence. C) Possible scenarios:1) capturing Baghdad and Beirut government and establishing thegovernment known as the Islamic regime by takfiri-jihadi groups. In order tokeep their own entities, the political systems of Syria and Iraq should carryout reforms mainly in the political, economic and social realms
morad Kaviani Rad; Soheila Abbas Poor Gomari
Volume 4, Issue 12 , July 2015, , Pages 115-139
Abstract
Various theories about political phenomena are discussed on the basis of the subjective and objective characters. Phenomenology is one way to analyze the mentality, quality and specificity of political phenomena. Shiite and Sunni Islamic movements, according to their nature, have different understanding ...
Read More
Various theories about political phenomena are discussed on the basis of the subjective and objective characters. Phenomenology is one way to analyze the mentality, quality and specificity of political phenomena. Shiite and Sunni Islamic movements, according to their nature, have different understanding of religion. This can be caused by the perception of the environment and the ratio that defines in connection with the perception of spatial and temporal existence. Based on environmental perception, when Objective understanding of place replaced by its subjective perception, location emerging patterns are involved because they are effective in creating the sense of place. The hypothesis of the paper indicates that the time-place oriented idea of Shiite and Sunni Islamic movements in the Middle East formed their strategies in practice.
Abuzar Gohari Moqaddam
Volume 2, Issue 6 , September 2014, , Pages 117-141
Abstract
The Islamic awaking developments in the Middle East since 2011 havechanged the regional order in many different ways and influencedregional and trans- regional actors. In this situation, the United Stateswhich has defined many interest in the region, has been influenced morethan the other actors. This ...
Read More
The Islamic awaking developments in the Middle East since 2011 havechanged the regional order in many different ways and influencedregional and trans- regional actors. In this situation, the United Stateswhich has defined many interest in the region, has been influenced morethan the other actors. This article describes the US interests in the MiddleEast and examines the Islamic awakening impacts on these interests. Theresults of this research prove that the Unites States is going to controland mange Islamic awakening impacts in the region through manydifferent ways including: direct military intervention, changing the rulingelites in some states, forcing internal reform in some countries, avoidingreliance on one ally in the region, promoting secular Islamic state,helping civil society of some countries, promoting human rights discourseand solving the Israeli-Palestinian peace process
