Public policy
Hossein Ebadi; Seyed Abdullah Heidariyeh; Younos Vakil Alroaia
Abstract
Introduction In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more ...
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Introduction In the field of marketing, the most desirable scenario involves the company maintaining an optimal level of market share with an increasing trend over time, as well as preventing any decline or reduction in the market share. Concerning political marketing and elections, there is even more necessary to have such a favorable scenario. Based on the significance of customer retention, this approach maintains that a party can win if it secures the largest market share while minimizing customer attrition. It seems to be an essential approach given the nature of political marketing characterized by the intense competition among political parties, the unavoidable impact of social media, the uncertainty about fulfilling campaign promises, and the risky nature of political transactions (cash vs. credit imbalance) —all of which can contribute to the vulnerability of political marketing, hence a declining trend in the voter turnout. Relationship marketing, as a modern marketing technique, can help political activists to mitigate these challenges, offering effective solutions to minimize campaign costs and increase the likelihood of success in elections. Political relationship marketing has been the subject of inquiry in several studies (e.g., Afjeh’i & Khademi-Garashi, 2016; Talari & Mousavi-Shafaei, 2015). Rizan et al. (2014) delved into the impact of relationship marketing on customer loyalty.A declining trend in the number of electoral votes is one of the challenges faced by political parties in Iran. The issue appears to be rooted in their marketing strategies. In fact, political marketing strategies can potentially present a persuasively alluring image of the candidate’s integrity and virtue while covering up their flaws. Consequently, the politician who has been getting promoted is often perceived as an ideal figure. In most cases, voters may not understand the techniques used in campaigns, succumbing to the persuasive tactics employed by the candidate and thus increasing the likelihood of making a mistake in their choice and experiencing early regret. In fact, insufficient knowledge about the candidate or party contributes to such mistakes on the part of voters. Moreover, the inability to retain voters, driven by factors such as a loss of trust and unfulfilled promises, can result in costly and sometimes irreparable damages to political parties. Considering the drawbacks of short-term marketing in the political arena for those involved and the political parties’ desire for sustained power, relationship marketing seems to be a suitable approach to address the shortcomings without compromising market share, fulfill political parties’ electoral aspirations (e.g., frequent wins), and to ensure that voters get to know candidates and political parties adequately and accurately. In this line, the present research investigates the influential factors in political relationship marketing, addressing the following questions: Can relationship marketing help overcome the challenges in political elections? And what factors are influential in establishing and maintaining the relationship?Materials and MethodsThere are numerous factors behind party wins in the electoral market. However, according to the theoretical framework of this research, establishing and maintaining a robust relationship between parties and voters, leading to voter loyalty, plays a pivotal role in the electoral success of political parties. Relying on a multi-stage conceptual model, the present study aimed to investigate the connection between relationship marketing and the success of parties in the political market and electoral contests. The study is located within the intersection of political science and marketing management. As an applied research involving field work, it adopted a descriptive–survey, correlation-based approach to investigate the research questions. First, the analysis focused on the effect of relationship marketing variables (i.e., commitment, fulfillment of promises, communication, competence, and trust) on satisfaction. The second step involved examination of the effect of satisfaction on voter loyalty. Finally, the research explored the correlation between loyalty, recommendations to others, and revoting, as influential factors contributing to the success of political parties. In the data analysis, the Pearson coefficient and the correlation coefficient were used to understand the relationships between the research variables.Results and Discussion The research findings indicated a significantly direct correlation between relationship marketing principles and voter satisfaction. The results of regression analysis demonstrated that these principles can predict satisfaction. There was also a significant relationship between satisfaction and loyalty, as well as between loyalty and both revoting and recommendation to others. Finally, a significant relationship was observed between success and revoting and recommendation to others.ConclusionThe research results confirm that the success of political parties hinges on both retaining existing voters and attracting new ones. This process involves distinct stages: generating satisfaction by applying relationship marketing principles, enhancing and transforming satisfaction into loyalty and fandom through the practical implementation of the principles, adopting fan-driven marketing as a result of the loyalty cultivated, and finally giving recommendations to others. The first and second stages are executed through strategic planning and initiatives of strategists, along with the genuine and reassuring conduct of candidates and party executive agents. The third and fourth stages, on the other hand, rely on the active participation of party loyalists and supporters. Furthermore, two practical methods can be employed to attract new voters: direct and indirect recruitment. In the direct recruitment, the party itself leverages relationship marketing principles to draw in a collective of voters. In contrast, the indirect recruitment is facilitated by party loyalists and supporters—mostly represented by previous voters—and their efforts to embark on fan-driven marketing and give recommendations to other voters.
Mohammad Hossein Ghourchani Khouzani; Zohreh Dehdashti Shahrokh
Abstract
In the political systems, competition between political actors with the aim of gaining power and influencing voters ‘decisions, depends on how they market their political activities. The lack of deep understanding of the people image towards the politicians and factors influencing public political ...
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In the political systems, competition between political actors with the aim of gaining power and influencing voters ‘decisions, depends on how they market their political activities. The lack of deep understanding of the people image towards the politicians and factors influencing public political and social behaviors create problem in achieving political goals. The purpose of the present study is to create a clear picture of the depth of the minds of the Iranian voters towards the ideal brand of the president in Iran. This research is conducted by a phenomenological approach and in order to determine the conceptual map of the ideal brand of the president has conducted in-depth interviews along with the ZMET technique. It should be noted that the statistical population of the present study is targeted from Iranian over the age of 18 who have at least participated in one presidential election. Also, after conducting 14 interviews, the researcher reached theoretical saturation and a consensus map of the ideal presidential brand was extracted. The central structures included in the consensus plan are: Advanced Iran, Economic Improvement, Development and Culture Improvement, Relaxation, Tourism Attention and Development, Committed, Justice-seeking, Global Communication, Environmental and Pragmatic, which should be included in market campaigns. Presidential policy to increase public participation in elections.
Bagher Asgarnezhad Nouri; Ghasem Zarei; Allahyar beigi firoozi; Javid Nourinezhad
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the effect of political marketing mix and brand equity of political parties on voter commitment and loyalty in Iran. The statistical population of this study is eligible citizens in Tehran in 1396. The statistical population of this study is citizens ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the effect of political marketing mix and brand equity of political parties on voter commitment and loyalty in Iran. The statistical population of this study is eligible citizens in Tehran in 1396. The statistical population of this study is citizens eligible to vote in Tehran. For this purpose, 384 people were selected by available random sampling method. The instrument used in this research was a questionnaire that 14 questions were distributed to measure the political marketing mix, 24 questions to measure brand equity and 2 questions to measure voter commitment and 2 questions to measure voter loyalty were distributed among respondents. The findings were analyzed using LISREL software and the results showed that the political marketing mix has a direct and significant effect on brand equity and voter commitment and loyalty. It was also found that high brand equity can, as a mediating variable, strengthen the relationship between political marketing mix and voter commitment and loyalty.
Maryam Karbasforoshha; hamid khodad hosseini; mohammad aghaei
Abstract
In recent years a lot of parties and candidates competing in this arena have turned to using marketing techniques. That is why such terms as personal marketing, political marketing and campaigns marketing are used in the meantime. This study aims to explore the effect of political marketing mix on voter’s ...
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In recent years a lot of parties and candidates competing in this arena have turned to using marketing techniques. That is why such terms as personal marketing, political marketing and campaigns marketing are used in the meantime. This study aims to explore the effect of political marketing mix on voter’s intention based on demographic characteristic in 10th parliament election in Tehran. According to unlimited number of statistical population, a sample consisting of 385 voters of 10th parliament election were selected and investigated by using unlimited statistical population formula. Method of the research is based on descriptive surveyresearch and is an applied study. The conceptual model is conducted based on Political marketing mix which consists of political product, political promotion, political place, and political price and demographic factors including gender, occupation, income, education and age. The results of the research showed that each aspect of promotions, product, price and location of the political marketing mix has a significant effect on voters' intentions. Also, demographic factors that were considered as a moderator variable showed that age and gender had no significant effect, while education, occupation and income had a significant effect.
