hassan ahmadi; Hosein Harsij; hamid nassaj; Abbas Hatami
Abstract
According to Huntington, quantitative growth and qualitative change of a new middle class lead to the development of civil institutions and the decline of authoritarian symbols, and majority for political changes are supported. The question is that why the process of political changes has not been materialized ...
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According to Huntington, quantitative growth and qualitative change of a new middle class lead to the development of civil institutions and the decline of authoritarian symbols, and majority for political changes are supported. The question is that why the process of political changes has not been materialized in spite of this class increase in Saudi Arabia and Iraq? Based on the theory of transition to democracy and the comparative method, findings show that both countries are similar in increasing symbolic features of emerged middle classes, such as the development of higher education, bureaucracy and per capita income. However, due to cultural barriers, the rentier nature of the government, the patronage relationship, and the negative role of the external factor, any role in advancing democratization is excluded from this class, and tactical liberalization from above may lead to revolutionary change if democratic demands are not met, and may cause a general uprising. Political instability and structures imposed by American after the collapse of the Baathist regime are also responsible for dysfunction of this classes in Iraq in the establishment of democracy while Iraq has passed the first process of democratization by the collapse regime of Saddam and entered the second phase of democratic institutional consolidation, yet Saudi Arabia has faced serious barriers in her first phase.
Abstract
The popular uprisings in 2011, known as the Arab Spring, led to political changes in some Middle Eastern countries that have had a profound impact on the political and security interactions in the region, leading to regional change and the transformation of regional roles and actors. Saudi Arabia, as ...
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The popular uprisings in 2011, known as the Arab Spring, led to political changes in some Middle Eastern countries that have had a profound impact on the political and security interactions in the region, leading to regional change and the transformation of regional roles and actors. Saudi Arabia, as a conservative country, has always sought a policy of maintaining the status quo in the region, with the advent of developments in the region and the fear of spreading it into its kingdom, as well as in order to maintain a balance of power with the aggressive policy in the region. Also Qatar as a GCC member, known as a mediating state in the region, assessed the developments in the region as an opportunity to increase its role. Qatar's political movements were in conflict with Saudi policies on regional developments that led to tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar and other members of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The present study, with a comparative approach, will examine the foreign policy of Saudi Arabia and Qatar towards the Syrian crisis. The research findings indicate that the two countries, despite ideological differences aiming at promoting their regional status and eliminating rivals into regional crises, have adopted their approach to intensifying conflicts in the region. Put them at risk and put them face to face.
