Political Sociology
Reza Sehhat Manesh
Abstract
Two different eras can be recognized in the Safavid period. First era included the beginning to the Zahab Peace Treaty and the second era from the Zahab Peace Treaty to the fall of Isfahan by the Afghan invaders. In the first era, Safavid kings showed warlike tendencies and religious authorities were ...
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Two different eras can be recognized in the Safavid period. First era included the beginning to the Zahab Peace Treaty and the second era from the Zahab Peace Treaty to the fall of Isfahan by the Afghan invaders. In the first era, Safavid kings showed warlike tendencies and religious authorities were not allowed to interfere in political affairs. But in the second era, the Safavid kings clearly showed Sharia tendencies and the clerics were placed at the apex of the religious structure. In the present research, the influence of Sharia trends on military morale and the Safavid army has been investigated and the question has been answered: How did the Sharia trends and the close relations of Safavid kings with clerical authorities affect other duties, especially military duties?The results of the research indicate that the Safavid kings had a lot of leisure after the Zahab peace with the Ottomans (1049 AH), as well as the change of the confrontation with the Uzbeks from straight confrontation to vassalage, this separated them from the battlefield, and their fighting arena was limited. They openly turned to Sharia by courting and meeting with clerics and scholars.
Political Science
Fatemeh Taherkhani
Abstract
IntroductionEvery significant social revolution, in addition to the diverse array of physical and objective events and actions (e.g., marches, armed conflicts, exile, and slogans), also encompasses intellectual dimensions. Not an exception in this regard, the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran originated ...
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IntroductionEvery significant social revolution, in addition to the diverse array of physical and objective events and actions (e.g., marches, armed conflicts, exile, and slogans), also encompasses intellectual dimensions. Not an exception in this regard, the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran originated from the longstanding philosophical, historical, and civilizational tradition of Islamic Iran, particularly the Shia political thought. This philosophical tradition served as the foundation for the production of various political texts and speeches, each with distinct functions but sharing the common goal of overthrowing the oppressive regime. As a notable form of political discourse and speech during the Revolution, the disclosing discourse would critically examine the status quo in the most explicit manner possible, challenging the legitimacy of the ruling power. The present study aimed to explore the relations and characteristics of the texts belonging to different periods and harboring the disclosing discourse. It also intended to see when and by whom similar texts and speeches had been produced throughout history. The research also sought to examine the political relations and power dynamics they represented as well as the actions they celebrated and foregrounded, or condemned and marginalized.Materials and MethodsTo identify common philosophical and theological roots of the disclosing discourse, the present study used Ruth Wodak’s Discourse–Historical Approach (DHA) which inclusively analyzes the contextual similarities among texts of a specific discourse. DHA offers an in-depth analysis of the inner context of a text, employing conceptual tools for examining a text at the levels of word, sentence, and the whole structure. DHA focuses on identifying discursive strategies, as well as implicit and explicit implications of the text. Wodak’s critical and meta-descriptive approach empowers researchers to delve into the concealed and underlying layers of a text, potentially revealing the intertextual relations between various texts. Moreover, Wodak’s historical perspective and her emphasis on historicism can help overcome the shortcomings of the post-structuralistic analysis caused by overlooking historical background and context. DHA takes into account the relationship between the text and the political conditions of its production, ultimately providing a predictive description of the situation, the actors involved, and the factors behind specific actions.Results and DiscussionThe research aimed to uncover the shared philosophical and theological features among the texts produced in different periods that harbored the disclosing discourse. According to the research results, the shared features include:Applying various delegitimization methods by the speakerAdopting a holistic approach, avoiding foregrounding a specific social cast, and showcasing the diversity of regime dissidentsPrioritizing rational arguments over emotionalism and mythicismCreating a historical vision and depicting the struggle between right and wrongMaking political identification and setting limits or othering foreign powersExtending the struggle from the political field to the social spherePresenting a bright prospectUndermining the image of the regime’s bureaucratic and military structureExplaining the physical and symbolic violence perpetrated by the regimeThe words associated with the disclosing discourse would convey a definite truth, not a constructed political mentality nor a merely political conflict over power. This discourse could serve as a manifestation of the prevailing truth within the political field, representing all dissatisfied individuals across various sections of society. In the contemporary history of Iran, the same truth had partially surfaced through expressions of liberty, anti-despotism, independence, and anti-colonialism. However, it was during the Islamic Revolution that the same truth came to the forefront in its entirety.ConclusionIt seems that the disclosing discourse occurs in times of erosion of political stability; when there is disequilibrium and disorder within the political milieu, primarily resulting from the collapse of one order and the failure to establish another. The identity constructed through the disclosing discourse is interdiscursive, absorbing elements from different discourses and reconfiguring them internally. Historical discourses such as independence, freedom, justice, anti-colonialism, and anti-despotism are integral to the disclosing discourse. This kind of discourse accentuates its broad acceptability and social base to socialize the constructed identity. Additionally, it does not differentiate or discriminate its diverse and pluralistic followers, urging all to unite against prevailing power structures.
