hassan ahmadi; Hosein Harsij; hamid nassaj; Abbas Hatami
Abstract
According to Huntington, quantitative growth and qualitative change of a new middle class lead to the development of civil institutions and the decline of authoritarian symbols, and majority for political changes are supported. The question is that why the process of political changes has not been materialized ...
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According to Huntington, quantitative growth and qualitative change of a new middle class lead to the development of civil institutions and the decline of authoritarian symbols, and majority for political changes are supported. The question is that why the process of political changes has not been materialized in spite of this class increase in Saudi Arabia and Iraq? Based on the theory of transition to democracy and the comparative method, findings show that both countries are similar in increasing symbolic features of emerged middle classes, such as the development of higher education, bureaucracy and per capita income. However, due to cultural barriers, the rentier nature of the government, the patronage relationship, and the negative role of the external factor, any role in advancing democratization is excluded from this class, and tactical liberalization from above may lead to revolutionary change if democratic demands are not met, and may cause a general uprising. Political instability and structures imposed by American after the collapse of the Baathist regime are also responsible for dysfunction of this classes in Iraq in the establishment of democracy while Iraq has passed the first process of democratization by the collapse regime of Saddam and entered the second phase of democratic institutional consolidation, yet Saudi Arabia has faced serious barriers in her first phase.
Jalal Derakhshe; Amir Reza Jafari Harandi
Abstract
The US struggled to achieve its pre-determined purposes using smart management of different power resources through the attck on Iraq in 2003. So, one of the main strategies of the US would be the penetration into Iraq structures to obtain America's aims. This study investigates the behavior of the US' ...
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The US struggled to achieve its pre-determined purposes using smart management of different power resources through the attck on Iraq in 2003. So, one of the main strategies of the US would be the penetration into Iraq structures to obtain America's aims. This study investigates the behavior of the US' management on hard power resources inside Iraq. Therefore, the current study has been written in respone to a question statting what are the coordinates of the US' hard penetration in new Iraq? and follows consideration of penetration methods of the US with focusing on existance period of the US soldiers. Inspecting of librarian sources and environmental events depict the US is trying to penetrate in security-military structures of Iraq with applying arms treaties (with justification of struggle for strengthening Iraq's defense power), equipping the central government' opponents, using the capacity of private security companies, and furthermore financial assistances in order to be able to achieve its interests and benefits in local and international levels.
